APHUG Unit 6 & 7 Vocab

Urbanization

The process by which people live and are employed in a city.

Concentric Zone Model (Burgess Model)

describes expansion in concentric rings around the central business district

Hoyt Sector Model

uses pie-shaped wedges to illustrate his theory of land use and the CBD is at the center of the urban area.

Multiple Nuclei Model

a city that does not have one central area, but instead has several nodes that act as regional centers for economic or residential activity within one larger city

Galactic / Periphery Model

represents a city with growth independent of the CBD that is traditionally connected to the central city by means of an arterial highway or interstate.

Squatter Settlements

a collection of buildings aimed to provide housing and shelter for poor people in a city.

Site

the exact location of a city. Features that are inherent to its location

Situation

relates to its surrounding features, both human-made and natural. Includes characteristics that are external to the settlement.

World City

an urban center that is a major player in the global economy and is connected to a network of other global cities through economic, cultural, and political linkages

Megacity

an urban or metropolitan area which has a population over 10 million people.

Metacity

urban areas with over 20 million people

Urban Sprawl

a form of urban growth in which low-density development (such as single-family homes) of large plots of land takes place over a large area, sometimes extending for miles outside of the urban limits.

Boomburb

rapidly growing (double-digit growth) suburban cities with a population greater than 100,000

Exurb

residential, prosperous, but rural areas beyond the suburbs.

Central Place Theory

in any given region there can only be one large central city, which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets.

Primate City

a city that functions as by far the largest city in the country it inhabits. It may have a population between a third and a half of that of the whole country.

Rank Size Rule

the rank of a city's population within a country will be approximately the largest city's population divided by the rank of the city in question.

Greenbelt

a designated area of land around a city or urban area that is protected from development in order to preserve open space, reduce urban sprawl, and promote sustainable land use

New Urbanism

a planning and design approach that seeks to create more livable, sustainable, and equitable communities by focusing on the principles of walkability, mixed-use development, and a human-scaled built environment

Gentrification

a process in which a neighborhood undergoes a change in population and an increase in property values, often resulting in the displacement of low-income residents and small businesses.

Urban Renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.

Urban Hierarchy

hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis, and megalopolis

Suburbanization

the growth of cities outside of an urban area.

Edge City

an urban area with a large suburban residential and business area surrounding it. These areas are tied together by a beltway.

Primary Sector

Production of raw materials or natural resource extraction (e.g., agriculture, mining, energy, timber, fishing)

Secondary Sector

Processing or refining of natural resources (e.g., manufacturing finished goods, industry, building construction, assembly, factory work, value-added, blue collar)

Tertiary Sector

associated with the sale and exchange of manufactured products and raw materials. Examples of this include retail and marketing

Industrialization

the process by which economic activities on the earth's surface evolved from producing basic, primary goods to using factories for mass-producing goods for consumption.

Comparative Advantage

an economic concept related to Free Trade that says a country should specialize in certain products for export when they hold an advantage in producing those products, and import other products in which they do not have an advantage as compared to other countries

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

the world economic system is divided into a hierarchy of three types of countries: core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral. Core countries (e.g., U.S., Japan, Germany) are dominant, capitalist countries characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization.

Rostow Model

include the following five stages: Traditional Society; Preconditions for Take-Off; Take-Off; Drive to Maturity; and Age of High Mass Consumption.

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

attempts to describe and predict the location of manufacturing industries based on three factors: transportation costs, labor cost, and the benefit of agglomeration

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid development of industry that started in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It was brought about by the introduction of machinery and technology, such as steam power

Human Development Index

a composite measure of a country's development that takes into account a range of factors, including life expectancy, education, and income. It is used to rank countries based on their level of development and to identify areas for improvement

Gross Domestic Product

The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year.

Quaternary Sector

the industry based on human knowledge which involves technology, information, financial planning, research, and development

Agglomeration

A localized economy in which a large number of companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gains in efficiency that result from this proximity.

Dependency Theory

LDCs are highly dependent on foreign factories and technologies from MDCs to provide employment and infrastructure

Deindustrialization

a process in which the industrial activity in a country or region is removed or reduced because of a major economic or social change

Ecotourism

a type of tourism that focuses on experiencing natural areas while minimizing the negative impact on the environment

Gross National Income

calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country

Maquiladora

export-processing cities that exist in northern Mexico, close to the border with the United States

Trading Bloc

A group of neighboring countries that promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs.

Core country

A country that is well- developed with a strong economic base.

Semi-Peripheral country

countries that have a standard of living lower than those in the “core,” but much higher than those in the “periphery.

Peripheral country

A less-developed, economically poor country.

Gender Inequality Index

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market. Remember the lower the score the better.

Growth Pole

a specific area or sector that drives economic development in a region. Silicon Valley would be an example.

Urban Sustainability

a way planning cities that aims to improve the social, economic, and environmental conditions of a city to ensure the quality of life for current and future residents.