HE101 Final Exam Flashcards

biological attributes in humans and animals

refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse people

encompasses all aspects of sexual behaviour, including gender identity, orientation, attitudes, and activity

a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality

self-reports, biological measures, implicit measured, behavioural measures

laboratory and physiological measures, qualitative studies

informed consent, protection from harm and justice, consideration for extraneous factors

Women, LGBTQ+, seniors, adolescents and youth, victims of gender-based violence and sexual assault

internal regulatory system, extremely communicative, responsible for hormone production

stress response, metabolic rate and energy production, growth, development and function of reproductive system

the process of physical maturation where an adolescent reaches sexual maturity

Hypothalamus releases GHRH to the anterior pituitary gland which releases growth hormone to the liver which releases insulin like growth factors which target muscle, bone, cartilage and tissue

hypothalamus releases TRH which goes to the anterior pituitary which releases thyroid stimulating hormone which goes to the thyroid which releases thyroid hormones which target heart, bone, GI system and metabolism

hypothalamus releases GnRH to the anterior pituitary gland which releases FSH and LH to the ovaries and testes which releases estrogen and progesterone or sperm and testosterone. Female targets are uterine lining, mammary glands and bones and males are bone and muscle tissue

Hypersecretion of growth hormone

lack of thyroid hormone production

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

ovaries produce abnormal amounts of androgen, high levels of LH and thus testosterone

an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen, high levels of FSH and thus estrogen

25%

70%

genital warts, cervical or penile cancer

90%

condoms and HPV vaccine

1 in 500

attacks CD4 T-cells which impairs the body’s ability to fight off infection and disease

primary infection, ~ 6 months

AIDS, progresses in about 8-10 years

condom use, PrEP

sometimes asymptomatic, genital pain, vaginal or penile discharge, painful urination and sensations during intercourse for females

antibiotics

pelvic inflammatory disease

perinatally

direct contact witb a chancre, easy to cure

sexual contact, can be spread perinatally, medication to cure

oral contact causing oral herpes

sex or through contact with genital skin causing genital herpes

chronic, lifelong infections with no cure

antiviral medications

usually the first outbreak

painful blisters, open sore around or on the mouth

genital or anal blisters of open sores, fever, body aches, swollen lymph nodes

transmitted through saliva, causes fatigue, fever, rash, sore throat, swollen lympth nodes and body aches, treat like you have a cold

body image, loss of partner, fatigue and fear, mood changes

availability of a partner, partner’s health, communication

healthcare accessibility, living arrangements

loss of muscle mass, loss of bone mass, arthritis, diabetes, thyroid disease, increased blood pressure and impaired blood flow, increased inflammation leading to increased risk of heart attacks and CAD

decreased testosterone leading to decreased energy levels, muscle mass and libido, erectile dysfunction

decreased vaginal lubrication due to decreased estrogren, shrinking of the uterus, loss of fat, tissue and mammary glands, breast cancer

aging, reproductive status, hormone production and secretion

1 in 8 women

43%

the body’s defense system

self and other, and healthy, defective and pathogenic

physical, chemical and mechanical barriers

detect, signal, recruit and destroy

immediate (mins to hours), non-specific, inflammation, antigen presenting cells, no or little memory

slow, specific, cell mediated immunity, antibody mediated immunity, robust memory

does not involve antibodies, phagocytosis, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, cytokine release

involves antibodies, complement system activation, antitoxin release, bacteriolysins, molecule based

skin and mucous membranes

tears, coughing, sneezing, GI motility, ciliated epithelia

enzymes, pH, lysozymes, existing microbiome

the tonsils, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, skin, gut lymphoid tissues

uptake airborne and ingested pathogens for early detection and signaling

matures T lymphocytes, two-lobed organ located in the thorax just above the heart, size peaks in adolescence and then undergoes atrophy

produces most leukocytes including B lymphocytes

acts as a reservoir for white blood cells and carries out blood-filtering functions

white blood cells, can identify pathogens, communicate, recruit other cells, ingest/digest foreign bodies, infiltrate tissues

granulocyte, base lover, circulate and regulate inflammation and the innate immune response

granulocyte, acid lover, degranulate to release ROS, enzymes, growth factors and cytokines; they fight parasites and amplify allergic reactions

granulocyte, neutral lover, phagocytic, release cytokines, media inflammation

agranulocyte, precursors to macrophages, liver Kupfer cells, brain microglia and osteoclasts in bone

agranulocyte, found in lymph and blood, making up 20-40% of all white blood cells; they are multi-functional, including T cells and B cells

ability to tell self from other

self-destruction

it will not proliferate and die by apoptosis

it will proliferate, generating many clones

exposure to non-self antigens in early life may strengthen lifelong immunity

promote migration of cells to the site of release

a type of cytokine released by monocytes and macrophages to increase body temperature

promote fever, recruit cells and activate complement system (includes C-reactive protein)

triggers G-protein coupled histamine receptors to active chloride channels, regulates blood vessel diamter, analgesia, itch trigger, gastric acid secretion, food intake, sleep/wake cycle

enhance clearance of microbes

pathogens are inferred by the presence of antigens, effector cells and memory cells are mobilized

B lymphocytes, T lymphoctes, NK cells

results from hematopoiesis, mature in bone marrow and regulate humoral immunity

in the spleen or lymph nodes when they are bathed in antigen

plasmablast formation with short-lived antibody secretion

hyperproliferation within germinal centers in lymph follicles

express B cell receptors (antibodies) on their surfaces for long-term memory storage and latent activation potential (residing in bone marrow)

leukocytes that secrete large quantities of antibodies upon recieving antigen

via blood plasma and lymph in perfused vessels

flag pathogens for neutralization or destruction

one in a single class of immunoglobulin (highly specific)

immunoglobulin proteins composed of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains linked by disulfied bonds, approximately 10 nm in size, most are y-shaped, each contains two identical binding sites enabling bonds between repeating sites or to form multi-antibody complexes

leukocytes derived from hematopoiesis that express T cell receptors on their outer surfaces

recognize specific antigens on antigen-presenting cells and release chemicals like perforin, granzymes and granulysin to trigger caspase cascades and apoptosis

recognize specific antigens on antigen-presenting cells and release cytokines to help other immune cells, they can activate B cells

the process by which a pathogen is taken up into a cell and digested