Test 1: Key Terms - LA 111 (Spring 23)

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

critical thinking

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion

ethical decisions/ethics

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

frame of reference

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same _______.

general purpose

the broad goal of a speech

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

paraphrase

to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

specific purpose

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in their speech

transition

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

brief example (specific instances)

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

direct quotation

testimony that is presented word for word

quoting out of context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

central idea

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

mean

the average value of a group of numbers

median

the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

mode

the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

residual message

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

speech to inform

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

causal order

main points show a cause-effect relationship

problem-solution order

the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

spatial order

main points follow a directional pattern

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

goodwill

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

plagiarism

presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud