APUSH Period 3 1754-1800

King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, and King George’s War

England tried to capture Quebec with limited success

Spain and France attacked the frontiers of the colonies in England and had some success

France “initiated” the war by building forts in the Ohio River Valley to protect their fur trade and maintain their land (this was because colonists were encroaching on their land), so George Washington and his troops were sent to stop the growing French presence, and but were defeated and forced to surrender, he was welcomed as a hero in Virginia

Recognizing the need for coordinating colonial defenses, the British government called for colonial representatives to meet, they met in 1754, it provided for an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes from the colonies for colonial defense

Colonists did not want to relinquish control of their right to tax themselves, nor were they prepared to fight under a single colonial legislature, Ben Franklin’s frustration about this led to the first American political cartoon “Join or Die”

more revolutionary congresses in the 1770s

Called the Seven Years’ War by the British even though it lasted 9 years (1754-1763), Colonists called it the French and Indian War because that’s who they were fighting

Thanks to William Pitt (English Prime Minister), the British reorganized by convincing colonists to join the war for greater autonomy, creating intercolonial unity, Canada was attacked and slowly cities were taken by the British army, eventually leading to the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

British extended their control over North America (Parts of Canada and East of Mississippi Valley) and French power virtually ended, French gave Spain a lot of its Western territory.

Britian had unchallenged supremacy in North America, the British navy was dominant, and American colonies were no longer threatened by other superpowers

They were not impressed by the British military because their tactics were not suited for American terrain, the colonists were proud of themselves

Saw the American troops as poorly trained, disorderly, unable and unwilling to defend the frontiers

they regulated trade by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods to promote self-sufficiency in the British Empire

Many cases of bribery, smuggling hurt the economy

Major assault against colonial frontier settlements led by Chief Pontiac in 1763, Indigenous People were angered by the colonists pushing westward, raising prices on goods sold to them and not paying rent on western land, as a result Pontiac and allies destroyed forts and settlements. the British sent regular troops to protect the settlements, Paxton Boys from the Appalachians murdered several in their tribe

British government prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, hoping to prevent any further hostilities, this came to late as many colonists were already west of the line

After the French and Indian war they were hoping to reap the benefits of access to more land, but instead of following the proclamation, colonists defied and pushed west

It marks the end of salutary neglect, introduced the Proclamation of 1763 which is the first in a series of restrictions imposed on colonists

financing the Seven Years War was expensive and brought huge dept to England, George III and his prime minsters thought the colonists should help pay that debt, because after all, they did get the benefits of their triumph, additionally, English tax payers were paying more than the colonists so it was only fair

established a number of new duties and contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers by strongly enforcing taxes on sugar and molasses and other imported goods (it actually lowered the molasses tax), those caught smuggling were arrested and tried before a single judge

Marks the start of new British policies to raise money, colonists were mostly mad that they were now enforcing taxes

Written Protests, occasional boycotts, not entirely organized

The first direct taxation of colonists, it taxed legal and commercial documents and printed matter like newspapers, it was the first act specifically aimed at raising revenue, it was important because it affected those that were literate, argumentative and persuasive

Violent protests, The Stamp Act Congress meets and the boycotting of British goods begins, the boycott was enforced by the Sons of Liberty, pamphlets produced with cries similar to those of “no taxation without representation”

legislature that protested the tax and asserted the colonists right to a large measure of self-government

the political concept that elected members of a representative body do not represent individuals or a geographic region but represent the entire country or empire, colonist influence was too small so they never pushed the idea that they should have representation in Parliament

it forbade the colonies to issue paper money

It required colonists to supply British forces in the colonies with housing, bedding and other needs

it placed duties on imported glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea; it make it easier for tax collectors to get writs of assistance (a search warrant for any place suspected of smuggled goods)

Kept in place duties on imported tea and allow the British East India Company to export directly to the colonies

closed the boston harbor, canceled mass. charter, moved trials of colonial officials to Britian, allowed new quartering act and Quebec act which gave canada control of the ohio region

Its purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to what, seemed to pose an alarming threat to their rights and liberties, delegates from all colonies execpt from Georgia were there in 1774

Carpenter’s Hall, PA

no, they simply wanted to protest parliamentary intrusions on their rights and restore their relationship with Britain

a diverse group whose views ranged from radical to conservative, there were no loyalists because they did not seek change or protest

Action by the First Congress that rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their immediate repeal, also called for colonies to boycott British goods

Action by the Stamp Act Congress, claimed that American colonists were equal to all other British citizens, protested taxation without representation, and stated that, without colonial representation in Parliament, Parliament could not tax colonists

a petition that urged the king to make right the colonial grievances and restore colonial rights

Action by First Congress, urged the creation of committees in every town to enforce economic sanctions of Suffolk Resolves

Because the King dismissed the Petition, troops were sent to MA to seize control over colonial military supplies, the minutemen initially saw them and tried to attack but it failed, when they marched to Concord, the militiamen fired at them and killed many, British troops thought it was humiliating, marked the start of the wars

Outside Boston MA, farmers fortified Breed’s Hill, british forces attacked the colonist’s position and managed to take the hill, Americans claimed victory because of the high British causalty count (1000s)

Delegates met in Phil. PA after the start of the fighting, Congress was divided, but ultimately settled on both negotiate with the Brits or declare independence because they were unsure

The congress called upon the colonies to supply troops, Washington was appointed the commander-in-chief of the new army, congress authorized a force to raid Quebec, as well as navy and marine corps

They valued their heritage and protection of Britain

During the war, an effort for peace to King George III, in which they pledged their loyalty to him and asked for his assistance with Parliament to secure peace and protect their rights

King George III passed the Parliament’s Prohibitory Act, which decleared the colonies in a rebellion, Parliment forbade all trade and shipping in the colonies

It helped covince the colonists unsure of independence that they needed it

Tomas Paine’s essay arguing for breaking all political ties with Britian because it was not common sense for a larger continent to be ruled by a small distant land that was “corrupt”, it urged independence

specific grievences against King George III’s government and expressing basic principles that justified revolution

If they did not win the revoltion, they were traitors and would be killed by the British crown

They were always short supplies, poorly equipped and rarely paid

Initially, the idea was rejected by George Washington, but because the British soldiers promised freedom, Washington and Congress quickly allowed for the same offer, most were from the North

Usually wealthier and more conservative people, Ben Franklin’s son William joined

Since they couldn’t stay out of the war, the British promised to limit colonial settlements in the west

The first three years, Britis took control of NYC and Phil, terrible winter in Valley Forge, 95% in trade, inflation was caused by the congress issuing money and almost making it worthless

The Victory in the Battle of Saratoga in 1777

They heard about Saratoga and wanted to weaken the Brits, their enemy, later joined by Spain and Holland

The battle of Yorktown, VA in 1781(strongly supported by the French, forcing many British to surrender

A treaty in 1783 to recognized the independent US, where the Mississippi River would be the western boundary of the US, and americans would pay debts owned to British merchants and honor loyalist cliams for property confiscated during the war

List of rights for all citizens (jury trial and freedom of religion), Separation of Powers (3 branches), Voting (white, male, and owned land)

1777

there was a dispute over the stretches of the wilderness extending westward beyond the alleghenies, several colonies claimed the land, when VA and NY agreed to give up their claims the articles were ratified in 1781

A central governent that consisted of just one body(unicameral body), each state was given one vote, with at least 9/13 votes to pass important laws

wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic representatives and borrow money

could not collect taxes or commerce(war debts cost a lot), did not have the power to enforce laws, relied on a very slow voting system, other countries had little respect for America, Shay’s Rebellion (response to the debt crisis in Massachusetts) , states argued over commerce and land

Won the war and negotiated faborable peace treaties, the Land Ordinance of 1785, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

a policy for surveying and selling western lands

territory lying between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River Valley, was given new rules by congress for creating new states, it granted limited self-government to the developing territory and prohibited slavery in the region

Captian Deniel Shays didn’t like the high state taxes, imprisonment for debt and the lack of paper money

The rebel farmers stopped the collection of taxes and forced the closing of debtor’s courts, followers attempted to seize weapons from the Springfield armory, the state militia of MA broke the rebellion

No legislature could grant titles of nobility, nor could courts recognize primogeniture, larges estates owned by Loyalists were confiscated to weaken the aristocracy, most states adopted the seperation of church

woman were relied on for cooks, nurses, and maintaining the colonial economy while men fought, still remained second class status

Abigal Adams

Contridicted the statement all men are created equal, leaders began to recognize and began to take steps to correct slavery, northern states began ending slavery and some southern freed their slaves, slavery was still considered necessary in the south for their economy

It was clear that the federal government lack sufficient authority under the Articles of Confederation, Alexander Hamiliton was especially concerned that there was no uniform ocmmerical policy, he convened this by only five delagates showed up, later the Constitutional Convention was made for a similar purpose

soley to reivsing the Articles of Confederation

Rhode Island, they didn’t trust the other states

White, male, early 40s, college educated

secret, washington as chairperson, wanted to make economy stronger

Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, and John Dickinson

distrust in the government, checks and balences, large vs. small states, limits on government power

called for modifications and equal representation form each state

larged the brainchild of James Madison, called for a system based on checks and balences, with 3-branches of government (layed out the basics of our government similar to today)

2-house legislature, Senate gives 2 reps to each state and the House of Representatives is based on population, combining the Virgina Compromise and the New Jersey Compromise

Constituional Convention decided that enslaved people each counted as 3/5 of a free person, also established the three branchs of government similar to the Virginia Plan

our first 10 amendments, made thanks to the creation of the Constitution, and added to years after the constituion was ratified

Until 1808

allowed congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing tariffs on foreign imports, but prohibited placing taxes on exports

Can veto acts of Congress, 4 year term, unlimited number of terms

because the delegates fear that too much democracy might lead to a mob rule

After 17 weeks of debate in Sept. 1787

each state would hold popularly elected conventions to debate and vote on the proposed Constituion, only 9/13 states to pass

They opposed it, because they beleived that a strong central government will destroy the work of the Revolution and restrict states’ rights or no protection of individual rights

a bunch of highly persuasive essays written for a NY newspaper by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, later 85 essays were published as the book form called the Federalist Papers which presented reasons in believing in the provisons on the Constitution

the bill of rights

It was by Quakers in Phil. in 1775 called the PA Abolition Society

states that democracy depends on unselfish citizens who will help the country/ public good

Unanimously Elected as the First President of the United States, excercised his power with care and restraint, during his Farewell Address he mentioned that political parties would lead to furthur complications and that the country shouldn’t get involved with foreign affairs

Cabinent Member of George Washington, secretary of state