Chapter 28: Sensory Input and Motor Output

________ is less common than osteoarthritis, which is caused by overworking a joint.

________ protect the endoskeleton and are easier to repair than the skeleton itself.

The ________ for hearing are hair cells located in the cochlear canal of the cochlea.

________ and pressure waves from nearby objects cause the membrane and the cilia of the hair cells to bend.

________ are onion- shaped pressure receptors that lie deep inside the dermis.

The ________ is a small area on the retina where there are no photoreceptors.

________ occurs when osteoclasts are working harder than osteoblasts.

________ can ease arthritis by reducing the load on joints.

________ have an endoskeleton while arthropods have an exoskeleton.

________ have receptors for a sex attractant on their antennae, while houseflies have chemoreceptors largely on their feet.

________ and chondroitin supplements can promote cartilage formation and repair.

The ________ contains two massive coxal bones that articulate with the femurs (thighbones .)

________, called statocysts, are found in several types of invertebrates, including cnidarians, molluscs, and crustaceans.

________ protects the knee, the tibia is the shinbone, and the fibula is the more slender bone in the leg.

________ aid in maintaining equilibrium and posture despite gravity's force on the skeleton and muscles.

The ________ has two sensory functions: hearing and balance (equilibrium)

Aging and ________ can cause cataracts, which make the lens opaque and require surgery as the only viable treatment.

________ and ulna contribute to the easy twisting motion of the forearm.

________ have compound eyes composed of many independent visual units, each with a lens to focus light rays on photoreceptors.

When the head moves, the otoliths are displaced, and the membrane moves, bending the stereocilia of the ________ and altering the frequency of nerve impulses to the CNS.

________ are sensory receptors that are sensitive to light.

________ contain many parallel myofibrils, which are striated due to the placement of protein filaments within sarcomeres.

________ and knee joints are synovial joints called hinge joints because they largely permit movement in one direction only.

________ and other sensory receptors are situated in the joints.

________ separate the vertebrae and can cause pain if damaged.

________ is a function of the amplitude of sound waves.

The ________ have direct connections with the limbic system and its centers for emotions and memory.

________ use either vision or sonar to navigate in the dark.

________ is released from ________ storage sites, causing muscle fibers to contract.

Osteoblasts deposit bone, and osteoclasts ________ that digest the matrix of bone and release calcium into the bloodstream.

________ have chemoreceptors largely on their feet, which they use to taste instead of their mouth.

The ________ regulates the amount of light that enters the eye through the pupil.

Touch receptors are concentrated in parts of the body essential for ________: the fingertips, palms, lips, tongue, nipples, penis, and clitoris.

Fluid within a(n) ________ flows over and displaces the gelatinous membrane, causing the stereocilia of the hair cells to bend and change the pattern of impulses carried to the CNS.

________ diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors in the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber (sarcolemma)

________ store fat and calcium, with calcium ions playing a major role in muscle contraction and nerve conduction.

________ are brought to focus on the photoreceptors within the retina.

________ have color vision, but they make use of a slightly shorter range of the electromagnetic spectrum than humans do.

________ are present almost universally in animals and give us the ability to detect chemicals in the environment.

The ________ contains active transport proteins that pump calcium ions back into the calcium storage sites, causing the muscle to relax.

________ have two senses of balance: rotational and gravitational.

________ use echolocation to avoid obstacles and find prey.

In mammals, the receptors for ________ are located in the mouth, and the receptors for smell are in the nose.

The ________ and scapula make up the shoulder girdle.

The endoskeleton protects ________ and grows as the animal grows.

________ contain thick filaments made up of myosin and thin filaments made up of actin.

________ travel down a motor axon and release acetylcholine (ACh) into a synaptic cleft.

These sense ________, such as touch, pressure, and vibration.

The ability to maintain ________ is important for balance.

The ability to maintain ________ is important for preventing us from falling over.

These sense ________, such as light and dark.

These sense ________, such as temperature, pain, and itch.

________ provide support and protection for the body's organs.

An ________ is a skeleton that is made of bone.

An ________ is a skeleton that is made of hard, external plates.

A ________ is a skeleton that is made of fluid.

________ is a type of bone that is made of tightly packed bone cells.