APUSH Unit 7

Imperialist Stirrings

Many other nations had begun to scramble for more land in other territories, a return to colonialism. Soon, America was like, "we have to get in on this guys" and became a world presence to be reckoned with. The U.S. had to expand or explode. End of Western Frontier sparked the want for land elsewhere so America could keep expanding (relates to Turner’s theory that America could only be successful so long as they had land to keep expanding onto but then there was this end to the western frontier and it rlly freaked ppl out bc they were like oh god no americas going to pieces)

Reverend Josiah Strong

Our Country: It's Possible Future and Present Crisis published in 1885, argued that the white, anglo-saxon race was the pinnacle of human evolution, and therefore was the fittest to survive. As a Christian, he also argued that it was the Christian duty of the white race to bring Christianity and western civilization to the "dark backward parts of the world."

Alfred Thayer Mahan and his book

The development of a new steel navy also focused attention overseas. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's book of 1890, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance. Mahan helped to stimulate the naval race among the great powers. Congress approved the construction of a large fleet of steel ships.

Pan-American Conference

held in Washington D.C. held by James G. Blaine wanted to push his Big Sister Policy by rallying Latin American nations behind America so it would open up Latin American markets to Yankee traders.

Problems in Venezuela

bordered British Guiana, and had long been an area of dispute. The discovery of gold in said area brought conflict between Britain and Venezuela to a head. Cleveland and Olney waded into affair invoking the Monroe Doctrine. British said affair was none of America's business. Congress said they would run a line through where it ought to go, and if the Brits would not accept it, the Americans would fight for it. Other conflicts with Germany, etc, made Britain not want to fight w America. Solved via arbitration. Conflict made Brits want to form a good relationship with the States, called the Great Rapprochement which would be the cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies moving into the 20th century.

Application of the Monroe Doctrine to Venezuela

Cleveland applied Monroe Doctrine to Venezuela, saying that the Brits couldn't impose or attempt to colonize Venezuela.

Queen Liliuokalani

last reigning queen of Hawaii. Defended Native Hawaiian self-rule led to a revolt by white settlers and her dethronement.

The Hawaii Acquisition

treaty of annexation was rushed to Washington but before it was passed, Harrison's term expired and Cleveland came into power. He suspected that the Americans had wronged the queen and her people and withdrew the treaty. It was revealed that many natives opposed the annexation, and the annexation was temporarily abandoned until it was acquired in 1898.

The Cuban Revolt

Cubans revolted against Spanish rule in 1895. Cuban insurrectos burned sugar cane fields believing that if they destroyed enough of Cuba, then Spain might abandon Cuba or the United States might move in and help the Cubans with their independence. The Spanish put Cubans in reconstruction camps so they could not support the insurrectos. America had a large investment and conducted substantial trade with Cuba. Congress passed a resolution in 1896 that recognized the revolting Cubans. President Cleveland opposed imperialism and he said that he would not go to war with Spain over Cuba.

Yellow Journalism

atrocity stories—served as propaganda. Over exaggeration of how bad things were to create reaction and outrage. Sensational, biased, and often false journalism. It helped fuel desire for the Spanish American War.

Hearst and Pulitzer

attempted to outdo each other in yellow journalism, each creating a worse story than the other with every issue.

"You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."

Hearst sent gifted artist Frederic Remington to Cuba with this message. He wanted photos to go along with the articles to create even more outrage.

The Explosion of the USS Maine

sent for a "friendly visit" but actually to evacuate Americans if any flare ups may occur. Also to demonstrate Washington's concern for the stability of the island. Mysteriously blew up in the Havana harbor, losing 260 with it. Spaniards concluded that it was accidental, but Americans thought it was due to a submarine mine. Spaniards turned out to be right—it was integral in one of the coal bunkers adjacent to a powder magazine.

"Remember the Maine!"

"To hell with Spain!" Although the explosion was accidental, along with yellow press, it fueled Americans' anger. It was a battle cry.

The "éclair" comment

Theodore Roosevelt claimed that McKinley did not have the backbone of a chocolate eclair. Referencing hid inability to make a decision on what to do with Cuba—he did not want hostilities, and did not want Cuba to stay under Spanish rule. However, he also did not want a fully independent Cuba over which the Americans had no control. "Wobbly Willie"

Teller Amendment

proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom—this caused imperialism Europeans to smile skeptically, having the possibility of taking Cuba for themselves.

May 1 and Dewey

Roosevelt gave Dewey commands to descend upon the Spanish philippines in the event of a war. McKinley confirmed this, and on May 1st he sailed with six warships into Manila and shot down 10 spanish ships, taking nearly 400 spanish lives with no american casualties.

Spanish-American War

War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The advancing American army caused the Spanish fleet to retreat from the Santiago harbor. Admiral Cervera's fleet was entirely destroyed on July 3, 1898. General Nelson A. Miles met little resistance when he took over Puerto Rico. On August 12, 1898, Spain signed an armistice. Many more Americans had been killed by malaria, typhoid, and yellow fever than by bullets.

Emilio Aguinaldo

exiled from the Philippines in 1897, but was brought back in 1898 to assist the American invasion. A year later, he led an insurrection against the new American rulers.

"Rough Riders"

The "Rough Riders," was a regiment of American volunteers that was commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood and organized by Theodore Roosevelt.

San Juan Hill (Kettle Hill)

The Battle of San Juan Hill (July 1, 1898), also known as the battle for the San Juan Heights, was a decisive battle of the Spanish-American War. The San Juan heights was a north-south running elevation about two kilometers east of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. The names San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill were given to the location by the Americans. This fight for the heights was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the War. It was also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders, as claimed by the press and its new commander, the future Vice-President and later President, Theodore Roosevelt

American deaths during the Spanish-American War

most deaths were not from fighting but from diseases such as malaria, typhoid, and yellow fever. Many more deaths are caused by diseases than by bullets.

The Philippines

The Americans secured Guam and Puerto Rico, but the Philippines presented President McKinley with a problem: he didn't want to give the island back to the Spanish, but he also didn't want to leave the island in a state of disarray. McKinley finally decided to Christianize all of the Filipinos. Because Manila had been captured the day after the war, America agreed to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines. The treaty was controversial, especially in regards to the acquisition of the Philippines. The Anti-Imperialistic League fought McKinley's expansionist moves, in regards to the Philippines.

Foraker Act

The Foraker Act of 1900 gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government (civilian government).

Insular Cases

People of Puerto Rico wondered if they were American citizens or if they were American subjects. The Supreme Court's rulings in the Insular Cases declared that the Constitution did not extend to the Philippines and Puerto Rico. Classed Philippines as American territory.

Dr. Walter Reed

experimented on American soldiers like guinea pigs to find out more about yellow fever. The stegomyia mosquito was proved to be the lethal carrier, and breeding grounds for them were destroyed.

Platt Amendment

Cuban constitution that the U.S. forced them to write. Cubans hated this document because it was to benefit the states. INSERTED INTO THE CUBAN CONSTITUTION allowed the U.S. to intervene militarily in Cuba if American economic interests were threatened. Made it difficult for the Cuban government to manage its own foreign policies and manage its foreign debts in a way that benefited their own interests.

Guantanamo

only naval/coaling station sold or leased by Cubans to America.

113 Days and the "splendid little war."

was a very short and relatively "easy" war and greatly benefitted American presence on a global scale and relationship between the North and the South.

The legacy of the Spanish-American conflicts

greatly benefitted American presence on a global scale and relationship between the North and the South.

"Little Brown Brothers"

President McKinley appointed the Philippine Commission in 1899 to set up a Filipino government. William H. Taft led the body. He genuinely liked the Filipinos, while the American soldiers did not. He called them his "little brown brothers"

Philippine Insurrection

The Filipinos thought that the treaty would give them their independence, like the Cubans. This was not the case and on February 4, 1899, the Filipinos started a rebellion against the occupying American forces. The insurrection was led by Emilio Aguinaldo.In 1901, American soldiers captured the rebellion's leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, effectively ending the rebellion.

Emilio Aguinaldo

led the Philippine Insurrection

China and the Open Door

Following China's defeat by Japan in 1894-1895, several European powers move into China. Secretary of State John Hay released the Open Door note, which urged foreign powers to respect Chinese commercial rights. I.e. all nations should have equal trading privileges in China. Russia was the only major power to not accept it.

John Hay

issued the Open Door note.

Boxer Rebellion

in 1900, a Chinese group known as the "Boxers" killed hundreds of foreigners in the boxer rebellion. A multinational rescue force came in and stopped the rebellion. After the failed rebellion, Secretary Hay declared in 1900 that the Open Door would include the respect of Chinese territory, in addition to its commercial integrity.

Mark Hanna

Advisor of McKinley (chair of his campaign)

Imperialism v. Bryan

Bryan supported the Silver Standard and anti-imperialism. They proclaimed that the paramount election issue was Republican overseas imperialism.

Election of 1900

McKinley won (supported the gold standard and imperialism)

Assassination of McKinley

In September 1901, President McKinley was assassinated. Theodore Roosevelt took over the presidency. Roosevelt felt that the president should lead, boldly. He had no real respect for the checks and balances system among the 3 branches of government. He felt that he may take any action in the general interest of the public that is not specifically forbidden by the Constitution.

"Speak softly and carry a big stick"

Foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt that was based on the proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far," which advocated that the US engage in diplomacy but also maintain a strong military readiness to back up US goals

TR's presidential philosophy

Roosevelt felt that the president should lead, boldly. He had no real respect for the checks and balances system among the 3 branches of government. He felt that he may take any action in the general interest of the public that is not specifically forbidden by the Constitution.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

stated that both the United States and the United Kingdom were not to colonize or control any Central American republic

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Britain signed the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901, which allowed the U.S. to build and fortify the canal.

Colombia v. Panama

Congress decided to build the canal through Panama. An offer to buy land for the canal had been rejected by the Colombian senate, who thought the U.S. monetary offer was too low. The Panamanians feared the U.S. would choose the Nicaraguan route for the canal; Panama would miss out on a prosperity created by the canal's construction. So, on November 3, 1903, Panamanians successfully revolted against Columbian rule. The revolt was led by Bunau-Varilla.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Bunau-Varilla became the Panamanian minister to the United States and signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty in Washington. The treaty gave the U.S. control of a 10-mile zone around the proposed Panama Canal.

Panama Canal

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build.

Germany in Latin America

Germany became America's biggest imperialist foe and largely spurred U.S. into imperialism; Germany sought colonies in Africa, Asia, Latin America & Caribbean.

Roosevelt Corollary

went alongside the Monroe Doctrine. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declared that the U.S. could pay off the Latin American countries' debts to keep European nations out of Latin America. Latin American countries hated the Monroe Doctrine because it had become the excuse for numerous U.S. interventions in Latin America. In actuality, President Roosevelt was the one to blame for the interventions. The U.S. could assert power in Latin America and the Caribbean. Offense AND defense. Defense against mainly GERMANY in Venezuela. BIG STICK DIPLOMACY.

Russo-Japanese War

Japan went to war with Russia in 1904 after Russia failed to withdraw troops from Manchuria and Korea. Roosevelt brokered a peace agreement in 1905 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The Japanese received no compensation for their losses and the southern half of Sakhalin. Because of the treaty, friendship with Russia waned and Japan became a rival with America in Asia.

Nobel Peace Prize

Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for brokering a peace agreement between Japan and Russia.

Yellow Peril and The "Gentlemen's Agreement"

Thousands of Japanese were recruited to work in California after the Japanese government lifted its emigration ban in 1884. Japanese immigrants were confronted with racist hostility by whites. In 1906, San Francisco's school board segregated the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students to make room for white students. The Japanese saw this action as an insult and threatened with war. President Roosevelt stepped in and persuaded the Californians to repeal the segregation. The Japanese agreed to stop the flow of immigrants to the United States. This agreement was known as the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

The Great White Fleet

A group of 16 gleaming white ships on a cruise around the world to display the nation's naval power. Number 13th in the world at the time for naval capacity—but ships are great and high quality.

76 Million

Population of America in 1900.

Progressivism

Reform of any type, socially, economically, educationally, etc.

Progressive literature

Literature that ignited anger in the public and sparked inspiration for progressivism,

Muckrakers

Authors of this literature that "raked up the muck." Journalists who exposed social/political/economic/corporate wrongs.

Collier's, Cosmo, McClure's, Everybody's

Examples of muckraking literature. Progressive writing.

Lincoln Steffens and "The Shame of the Cities

a series of articles in McClure's, exposed the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.

Ida Tarbell and Standard Oil

from Pennsylvania, her dad owned a small oil company, Rockefeller tried to buy the company but the father said no so then Rockefeller destroyed his small business, Tarbell wrote and revealed the unethical tactics of Standard Oil, causing its downfall, Tarbell = "muckraker" for McClure's Magazine, wrote "The History of the Standard Oil Company," progressive icon, feminist, and fearless American journalist

Ray Stannard Baker

Following the Color Line, exposed race relations in the South.

Interest Groups

Mainly middle class men and women who felt like they were being oppressed. Emerged in both major parties, all regions, and all levels of government.

Direct Primaries

Election in which voters choose party nominees

Initiatives and Referendums

federal law for each state, initiative = petition (at least 60,000 signatures), referendum = initiatives that wind up on the ballot (after receiving enough support)

Recalls

recall of a public official if they've committed a crime (re-vote)

Secret Australian Ballot

A secret ballot so that overpowered bosses were less able to bribe people. Safer and fairer elections.

17th Amendment

1913, direct elections of senators (Populist idea)

Women's Suffrage

Right to vote, equal job opportunity, equal pay, divorce rights, marital rape illegality, and inheritance & land ownership.

Progressive leaders: Bob LaFollette, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes

elected progressive officials who took power away from railroads and corporations.

Separate Spheres

dictated women's place at home and in society, expectation to be domestic, pius, pure, and preach paternalism. Women wanted to move away from this.

WTUL

Women's Union.

Florence Kelley

former resident of Addams' Hull House, was Illinois' first chief factory inspector—preached factory safety and sanity.

Jane Addams, the Hull House, and Settlement Houses

Hull House founded by Jane Addams in 1889 for poor, immigrant, widowed, and independent women, welcomed everyone, included education opportunities for all ages, English lessons, job training, fun pastimes, as well as many other things

Muller v. Oregon

Accepted the constitutionality of laws protecting women in the workplace by presenting evidence of the harmful conditions of labor on women's bodies.

Lochner v. U.S.

Invalidated a NY law establishing 10-hr work days for workers.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Greenwich village, tragic fire in NY, ladders weren't high enough to reach windows on 6th floor. 146 people died, 123 were young girls. Fire escapes were not strong enough and fell off. Doors were locked. Doorways not wide enough. Largest industrial accident in American history.

WCTU

Temperance—women for anti-alcohol.

18th Amendment

prohibition

TR's 3 C's

control of cooperation, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources.

Square Deal

Brokered a deal to end the coal strike. Created the department of commerce and labor. 8-hr work day. Passed Elkins Act and Hepburn Act to further enforce railroad laws and empower the Interstate commerce commission.

Coal Strike

deal brokered by TR to end strike in 1902, first time a president really got involved in a worker's strike and brought forth its end

Baer and Mitchell

Mitchell represented the Miners. Mitchell placed a demand on the coal operators for better wages, shorter hours, and recognition of the union. The owners, led by George Baer, flatly refused.

Department of Commerce and Labor

Part of the square deal, meant to control corporations.

Elkins Act

further enforced railroad laws and empowered the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)

Hepburn Act

further enforced railroad laws and empowered the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)

NSC and the court decision

The railway promoters appealed to the Supreme Court, which in 1904 upheld Roosevelt's antitrust suit and ordered the Northern Securities Company to be dissolved. The Northern Securities decision jolted Wall Street and angered big business but greatly enhanced Roosevelt's reputation as a trust smasher.

TR's Trust-busting v. Taft

TR busted 44 of 318 trusts, Taft broke up 90 trusts in 4 years, including J.P. Morgan's TC&I in 1911 (which TR previously let slide)

The Jungle

written by Upton Sinclair, went undercover to a meat packaging factory and revealed the awful conditions, progressive, muckraking book, inspired TR to pursue reforms for consumer protection

Meat Inspection Act

1906, part of Square Deal, required labels on meat and expiration dates

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906, part of Square Deal, required labels on meat and expiration dates

Environmentalism

Concern and action aimed at protecting the environment.

Gifford Pinchot

Chief of the Forest Service, fired by Taft after criticizing Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger, big conservationist

Newlands Act

Washington was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the sun-baked western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation projects.

Conservation

one of TR key issues, part of his 3 C's, made lots of progress w/ conservation, protected 150 national forests, created 51 bird sanctuaries, created 18 monuments, protected 230,000,000 acres of land

Jack London

wrote "Call of the Wild" which inspired TR and his conservation efforts

National Parks

TR created 5 national parks.

John Muir

famed naturalist, apart of the Sierra Club.

Election of 1904

In this election, Theodore Roosevelt ran for the Republican Party, Alton Parker ran for the Democratic Party, and Eugene Debs ran for the Socialist Party. Roosevelt won the presidency.

"Teddy Bear"

Name for TR, a term buoyed by his enormous popularity. Honored one of his bear hunting exploits where he saved the life of a baby cub.

Panic of 1907

The panic of 1907 was a short economic downturn that resulted in financial reforms.