micro exam 2 metabolism

metabolism

the sum total of chemical reactions of biosynthesis

Anabolism

-build up

-smaller molecules

-often requires energy

catabolism

-break down

-large to smaller

-often releases energy

coenzymes that act as electrons carry

a hydrogen

ATP

-powerhouse molecule, high energy host

-ADP and ATP

ATP can be generated by

-substrate-level

-oxidative phosphorylation

substrate level

phosphate is transferred from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP

oxidative phosphate

a series of redox reactions that occurs during electron transport

nutrient acquisition eukaryotic cells

-macromolecules taken in by endocytosis

-digested in the lysosome or phagolysosome

nutrient acquisition prokaryotic cells

-no endocytosis not able to ingest large molecules

-secrete digestive enzymes and take in smaller molecules by active transport

-some are unable to produce hydrolyses and rely of prokaryotic

three main metabolic

aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, all three start with glycolysis

aerobes:

use aerobic respiration

anaerobes

use anaerobic respiration or fermentation

facultative anaerobes

-use aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration or fermentation

monosaccharides

-single sugars

disaccharides

-2 monosaccharides

a bacterium may be unable to utilize a particular sugar because

1. it does not synthesize the appropriate

2. it does not possess the appropriate transport protein in its membrane

glycolysis

-first pathway in metabolism

-Location: cytoplasm of pro and eu

2 main types of glycolysis

-Embden- EMP pathway

-ED pathway

EMP pathway

-classic glycolysis used by many bacteria and eukaryotic cells

-this is the glycolysis pathway described in you book

-conversion of 6C glucose into two molecules of 3-C pyruvate

-generates ATP via substrate-level

-generate NADH

-spends some ATP

EMP 1st half

-first part requires energy

-6 carbon split into 2 three carbon sugars

EMP 2nd half

-each carbon sugar is converted, through several steps to pyruvate,

-ATP is provided by substrate level phosphorylation

-2 NADHS produced

-4 ATPS are produced

-via substrate level

products glycolysis

-2 atps used in the first half

-4 atps produced in second half

-2 NADHS produced in second half

-two water molecules produced in second half

Net gain from EMP pathway

-2 ATP

-2 NADH that will go into the electron transport chain

-2 h20

-2 pyruvate-which continue into krebs or fermentation pathways

Products of ED Pathway

-1 ATP first half

-1 NADH produced in first half

-1 water molecule produced in first half

-2 atps produced in second half

-1 NADH produced in second half

ED pathway net yield

-1 atp

-1 NADH-will go to electron transport chain

-1 NADH

-1 H2O

-2 pyruvate

What all glycolytic pathways have

-all start with a sugar, usually glucose

Krebs cycle

-used in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

-purpose is to oxidize pyruvate

-electrons are transferred from NAD and FAD and add a H

-location: cytoplasm of eukaryotes

products of krebs per spin:

-4 NADH

-1 FADH

-1 ATP

-3 co2, 1 h2o

products krebs per glucose

-8 NADH

-2 FADH

-2 ATP

will go into the electron transport chain

Electron transport chain

purpose: to use the electrons carried by NADH and FADH to generate ATP

-Location: cytoplasm in por, mictochondia for eukaryotes

-used by aerobes and anaerobes

ATP yeild ETS per NADH

-aerobic yields 3 atps

-2 NADH from glycolysis

-8 NADH from krebs

-30 atp

ATP yield per 2 ATP FADH

-2 fADH

-4 ATPS

Oxidase Test

-test for cytochrome c oxidase

-turn purple

anaerobic respiration

-used by anaerobes and some facultative anaerobes

-anaerobic respiration is less efficient

Why do facultative aerobes preferentially respire aerobicall when oxygen is available?

-Aerobic respiration is more efficient, producing far more ATP via oxidative phosphorylation than by anaerobic pathways

catalase test

-decompose co2

-will bubble