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Know three reasons westward expansion accelerated after the Civil War
Farmland
Gold
Economic Promise
List the main ideas of Turner’s Frontier Thesis
The west was responsible for key characteristics of American culture: beliefs in individualism, political democracy, and economic mobility
Know Turner’s stages of migration and settlement
First the fur trappers
Followed by miners
Followed by the cowboys
Followed by the farmers
Know three leaders of resistance against settlers and their actions
Chief Joseph- guided Nez Perce on a flee to Canada
Geronimo- guided his members of his tribe while evading capture by the U.S. Army
Sitting Bull- defeated US army; all dead
Know three examples of Native resistance on the Plains
Praying
Fleeing
Fighting
Know the government’s goal of reservations and schools for Native Americans
Make Native Americans like the Europeans
Know where most homesteads were claimed
South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas
List 4+ conflicts faced by farmers on the Great Plains and results
Droughts- ruined crops
Grasshoppers- destroyed farmland
Underweight cattle- cattle less valuable
Difficult soil- couldn’t grow crops
Know 4+ solutions to farmers’ problems on the Great Plains
Planting wheat
Using steel plows
Using barbed wire
Railroads
Know the major gold and silver strikes of the period
The California Gold Rush
Comstock Lode
Know the first railroad line to connect to the west coast
Transcontinental railroad
Little Big Horn
a force of more than 200 soldiers led by General Custer was wiped out at the battle
Dawes Act
Authorized the redistribution of Native lands, 160 acres per family and resulted in the shrinking of reservations lands
Ghost Dance
a prayer Natives believed would bring the buffalo back and have the settlers leave their land
Wounded Knee
massacres marked the end of the wars on the great plains
Homestead Act
provided 160 acres of federal land to anyone who agreed to farm the land
sod house
the log cabin during frontier settlement of the great plains
cow towns
small frontier settlements whose income depended heavily on the trade in free-range cattle
long drive
cowboys drove herds of cattle to the west
barbed wire
used to control cattle
Prospectors
people who explore for minerals
monopoly
a market structure that consists of only one seller or producer
Cause and Effect: Relate the loss of the buffalo and the defeat of Plains Indians
some U.S. government officials actively destroyed bison to defeat their Native American enemies who resisted the takeover of their lands by white settlers because buffalo was a primary source of the natives diet
Cause + Effect: long-term impacts of conflict/Western expansion for Natives
Loss of culture
Loss of land
Loss of population
Effect: the Transcontinental Railroad transformed travel and trade in the US
More access to goods and info
Attracted Settlers
Know the #1 reason for increased immigration to the US in this period
Jobs
Know where most of the New Immigrants lived within the US
ethnic neighborhoods
tenements
Know the biggest problem of overcrowding in urban slums
Poverty
List two advantages of industrialization and how this was done
more affordable
mass production
Know the first federal laws to regulate business
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
List three new methods for consumers to access and buy new products
mail order, department stores, chain stores
List several jobs of those in the growing middle-class
Laborers
List 3+ problems of industrial workers
Little pay, long hours, dangerous work, those in charge do not want to take responsibility for workplace accidents
Know ways Gilded Age presidents differ from pre-war presidents
Passive and let congress do work, only one term served, all but one Republican, national parties mostly ignored social/economic issues after reconstruction
Know characteristics (3 main issues + successes) of the Populist Party
successes - won city, state, congressional
Issues- monetary policy, business regulation, and the spread of democracy
Tenements
housing for the urban poor, with well-established connotations for unsafe and unsanitary conditions
Oriental Exclusion Act
prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years
Unions
groups of workers who strike/protest for better working conditions, pay, etc.
spoils system
giving jobs to those who vote for you
Silverites
people who wanted the currency backed by gold AND silver, want inflation so that they get paid more
Pendelton Civil Service Act
required some civil servants to take tests- federal jobs awarded based on merit/the test results
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
first federal law to control monopolies
Jim Crow Laws
racial segregation laws in the post-civil war period; basically just black codes
Causes: explain three factors that helped promote industrial growth in the US
Natural Resources- provided industry with the raw materials needed to turn a wide variety of finished goods
Immigrants- provided factory owners with free labor
Corporations/Monopolies- the gap between the rich and the poor grew noticeably wider
Effect: impacts of industrialization, immigration and urbanization
Industrialization: loss of skilled workers, more access to goods, unions
Immigration: more workers, more cultures introduced
Urbanization: for 1st time, more Americans live in cities than in the country
Change: Contrast New and Old Immigrants (nationalities/characteristics)
New: Southern and Eastern Europe, specifically Russian + Austro-Hungarian Empires and Italy; different culture, language, religion, customs
Old: Northern Western Europe, specifically Irish, and Germans
Cause + Effect: explain cultural impacts of increased immigration after 1880
Now from Southern and Eastern Europe
Different languages/customs/religions
Poorer, less education: gap between rich and poor widened
Nativism: people who lived on land excluding people trying to immigrate to “their” land
Cause + Effect: explain why immigrants were opposed by other Americans
People think immigrants are taking too many jobs
Cause + Effect: explain the irony of industrialization in the US
The Old immigrints weren’t happy when the New immigrants taking their jobs. However, when they immigrated to America they took jobs too.
Change: explain how skilled workers were impacted by industrialization
Work devolved from hand-making to pressing buttons on machines- loss of skilled workers
Contrast: explain why Cleveland was not a typical, Gilded Age president (2)?
1- only gilded age democratic president
2- lost initial reelection, but ran again and then won- terms not back-to-back
Relate the spoils system and political machines
Spoils system- gave people jobs/favors based on votes
Political machine- use the spoils system; institution in an urban city that controlled policies, voting trends, and economic aspects of their communities.
Contrast the issues and actions of Booker T Washington and WEB du Bois
Booker T Washington: black people can enter the business world with higher education
WEB du Bois: black people need to get rights by fighting for them
Know several strengths of both the North and the South before the Civil War
Northern Strengths: have the most banks, factories, and ships; population is bigger than the south, more railroads, lager navy, tired and true government, more states than the south
Southern Strengths: excellent group of military officers, Britain and France sympathize with south, soldiers convinced of the Confederate cause, fighting for independence
Northern Weaknesses: northeners disagree on the rights and wrongs of slavery, Washington DC lies at the border between the north and the south
Southern Weaknesses: economic health depends on trade with Europe, coastline is about 35,000 miles long, slaves can’t be counted on to support the Confederacy, supply routes lie near the border with the North
Know the main military plans/strategies of both the North and South
Union: Blockade ports, control rivers, and capture Richmond
Confederate: don’t give up
Know Lee’s two major invasions of Union territory
Antietam + Gettysburg
Cause and effect: three immediate impacts of a Union victory (3)
Gettysburg: Lee lost his maneuverability, Lincoln delivered Gettysburg Address
Vicksburg: cut the Confederacy in half
Antietam: no more Lee invasions, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
Know the three Civil War amendments
13th amendment: abolished slavery
14th amendment: equal rights and due process
15th amendment: male suffrage
List several challenges for Freedmen who remained in the South
Little to no education
Because a majority were sharecroppers, they didn’t own any land
Know the most common job of millions of Freedmen who remained in the South
Wage laborers/sharecroppers
List long-term and immediate causes of the Mexican War
Texas’ Border
US offered $15 million Mexico said no
Mexico did not recognize Texas as part of the US
American’s desire for Manifest Destiny
Contrast the abolitionist activities of Garrison and Douglass (actions/publications)
William Lloyd Garrison: Published anti slavery newspaper “The Liberator”; also founded the American Anti-Slavery Society - more radical than Douglass
Frederick Douglass: worked closely with WLG before they went separate ways, was an editor on anti-slavery newspaper “The North Star” and wrote “A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass”- his life story as escaped slave
Know how the Kansas- Nebraska Act helped lead to the war (actions/results)
Repealed the Missouri Compromise
Created two new territories
Allowed for popular sovereignty
Know the Court’s decision about citizenship, MO Comp, and property in Scott
Citizenship: black americans couldn’t hold citizenship
MO comp: ruled as unconstitutional
Property: slaves considered property, and remain property if taken into a free state; denied slave owners their “right to property”
List two immediate and one long term effect of the attack on Harper’s Ferry
2 immediate: failure, no slave uprising; John Brown hung and martyred
1 long term: terrorism and anti-republican fears grow in the south, who increasingly desire secession
Know the main impact of Hamilton’s bank plan and growing divisions
creation of national bank
new capitol in Virginia
Side effects: political parties (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans), Whiskey Rebellion (1794; farmers in PA refuse to obey excise tax laws)
Know three arguments for and against the Louisiana Purchase
For: the price is a bargain (2 cents per acre), ownership of Louisiana by any European power is a threat to the military safety of the Unidted States, buying Louisiana will double the territory of the United States and enhance the nation’s prosperity
Against: would increase national debt, Settlers who go far away will not stay loyal to US, purchase of foreign territory is not among delegated powers in Constitution
Contrast the decisions in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and McCulloch v MD (1819)
Marbury V Madison: Established Judicial review
McCulloch V MD: established that the federal government, while limited in its powers, is supreme within its sphere of action; states can’t tax gov; loose interpretation
List long-term results of the War of 1812 for the US
End of Federalist Party, who were against the war; encouraged growth of American industires to produce good that they couldn’t get from England; confirmed the US’s status as a free independent nation, building respect of other nations as well as American nationalism and self-confidence
Relate presidential responses to the Whiskey Rebellion the Nullification Crisis
Whiskey Rebellion: After months of negotiation, Washington sent troops to arrest the revolution's leaders and restore law and order
Nullification Crisis: Got congress to pass the force act, which authorized him to use the army and navy to collect taxes
Know the causes and conditions of the Trails of Tears
Lack of food and supplies (food, proper shelter), death by illness and disease
Contrast different settlement patterns, economics, and labor in VA and Plymouth
Jamestown:
Labor: Slaves and indentured servants (young men)
Settlement: far apart
Economy: cash crops, tobacco
Plymouth
Labor: family members
Settlement: close together
Economy: fishing, grain, livestock, timber, shipping, merchants
Know the main issue behind the French and Indian War
The American Indians were fighting to maintain control of their land and their cultural future. The French claimed the Upper Ohio River Valley. They wanted to trade with the American Indians and control the area. The British also claimed the Upper Ohio River Valley (Control over the Ohio River Valley)
Know why the colonies were heavily taxed after the French and Indian War (2)
Britain thought that colonies should pay for protection and help with debt
Know the purpose/main points and principles of the Declaration of Independence
To explain why we fight
We’re mad at Parliament and King George III
Listing of 27 grievances
Soooo, we declare independence
Contrast the government created by the Articles of Confederation with the constitutions (organization/limitations)
The Articles influence resided with the states, and the Constitution was declared the law of the land when it was ratified