Euro Unit Two - The Age of Reformation

buying of forgiveness for sin

Christian Humanist who embraced “back to the source”

made 95 theses

• called out church for simony, pluralism, nepotism, and immorality

• didn’t mean to create a whole religios movement, just wanted to discuss with his archbishop and other scholars

• led to his accusation of heresy by RCC - was excommunicated

translated new testament into vernacular german

did not support peasants who misunderstood his ideologies

religion made by Martin Luther

primary doctrines + practices include:

• Primacy of scripture - insisted on the importance of the Bible over church traditions as the source of authority

  • church council could make interpretative mistakes

  • sola scripture

• Salvation by faith alone - faith in God was the only way to salvation

  • attending church and helping the poor were good works but did not alone bring salvation

  • sola fide

• priesthood of all believers - all Christians should have access to god without needed priests

French-born theologian

book “Institutes of the Christian Religion”

• for religious and political reform

made Calvinism

principles of this religion:

• predestination - all knowing god knew who would go to heaven or hell, and from birth fate was set

• the elect consisted of those chosen by god for salvation

  • pious behavior = sign of being in the elect

• accumulation of wealth through hard work was gods favor - economic prosperity of followers of this religion

invention which allowed the spread of Reformation Ideas

millions of people had access to books

• books were no longer handmade

• could be mass produced

radical religious group

emerged from Zurich

said teachings of Luther and Calvin were not far enough in their reforms

Key Ideas:

• rejected baptism of infants- only adults could make decision to believe

• sin existed throughout secular world - they avoided sin by living a secluded, simple life

• avoided involvement in gov. affairs

• scripture over any secular authority

protestant group which believed Church of England needed to remove any lingering Catholic practices and “purify”

English Calvinists

Elizabeth I tried to calm down these groups with The Elizabethan Settlement and the Thirty-Nine Articles

• modified religious practices attempting to appeal to both catholics and this group

  • rivalry continued into English Civil war

french calvinists

wanted power/say in government

agreement between King Francis I of France and RCC allowing RCC to collect income from French Churched, but French monarchy could choose who was in what church position

worked for several decades because most French were Catholic at the time

came to French throne at 11 years old

mother Catherine de Medici made most decisions

brother of Henry III

Henry of Navarre married Margaret of Valois (Charles IX and Henry III brother)

Henry of Navarre was a calvinist leader, so many Calvinist leaders came to paris to see wedding

Catherine de Medici ordered the murder of all these leaders once they came

spread outside of paris

10-20,000 died

war between:

• Henry III - Charles XI brother, Catherine de Medici’s son, on the throne at start of war

• Henry of Navarre (Bourbon) - next in line as he was married to Henry III sister

• Henry of Guise - Catholic with support of Philip II of Spain

Henry III’s bodyguards killed henry of Guise

Henry III was assassinated

Henry of Navarre became Henry IV and rose to throne

begining of Bourbon dynasty

created by Henry IV

allowed Huguenots to worship freely in France in certain provinces

promoted political stability

ended most religious violence in France mostly

war from 1618-1648

4 Phases:

• Bohemian Phase - King of Bohemia died without an heir

  • kingdom reverted to Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, but citizens wanted their German Calvinist leader Frederick I as king

  • Ferdinand won battle of White Mountain, allowing HRE to reimpose Catholicism in many German States

• Danish Phase - Lutheran King of Denmark Christian IV joined in hopes of gaining German territory

  • Danish Forces were defeated, allowing Ferdinand II to occupy part of Denmark for a time

  • Danish involvement ended with Treaty of Lubeck

  • Ferdinand issued Edict of Restitution, forcing Protestant princes to return to catholicism

• Swedish Phase - Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Military Leader, controlled Protestant Forces

  • his army was funded by Cardinal Richelieu, cheif minister to Louis XIII of France

  • Adolphus won and was able to revert many Catholic victories

• French Phase - Adolphus died, French entered directly

  • war was not very religious any more, just for land

  • French were fighting for Protestants, Spain for HRE and Catholics

  • France gained upper hand

• War Ended with Peace of Westphalia

1648, treaty ending 30 years war

weakened HRE, ending any hopes of a unified religion in Europe

Netherlands and Swiss Confederation were freed from Spain and HRE (independent)

France, Germany, and Sweden gained power

• France was primary European power

Italian regions were removed from HRE

Peace of Augsburg reconfirmed

Calvinism officially recognized religion

list of books Catholic printers were not allowed to print

Catholics could not read

possession of these books was heresy, punishable by death

Catholic all-male order emphasizing a life of poverty, obedience to authority, prayer, and communal living

Served as missionaries in Americas and East Asia

Most prestigious universities founded by Jesuits

Made by Ignatius Loyola

all female order focused on Christian education of girls

• necessary to rejuvenate family and society

convents around the world

debate on whether women were fit to attend university, expanded later

one side argued:

• women were naturally inferior to men, which was unchangeable

• 3 reasons - God created man first, men were physically stronger, and Eve deceived adam, bringing societies downfall

other side argued:

• men oppressed women to maintain their own social status and power

• Eve was deceived

• women were only inferior at the time because lack of education

art type which started as a criticism

painting in “manner” of Michelangelo and Raphael but lacking substance

wanted to replace balance and harmony with distortion and illusion to add drama

exaggerated lighting and form of body

between Renaissance and Baroque periods

reflected political and religious turmoil following Reformation

best example of Mannerism

from Crete, studied in Venice and Rome

intensified emotion from Catholic Reformation and Inquisition

art period which came from mannerism

strong religious feelings

departed from realism and naturalism

dramatically complex

most famous Italian Baroque architect + sculptor

David in motion slaying Goliath

work on St. Peters Basilica

most prominent Baroque painter of northern Europe

dramatic

employed by Catholic Church in cathedrals