Unit 4 PSYC-2301

Theory of Reasoned Actions

The theory that effective change requires specific intentions, a positive attitude, and needs to follow social norms.

Attitude + Norm > Intention > Behavior

Theory of Planned Behavior

The theory that effective change requires belief in ones abilities to complete tasks. If the task is too easy or too difficult, change won't happen.

Precontemplation Stage

Stage of healthy change where someone does not acknowledge the need for change.

Contemplation Stage

Stage of healthy change where someone acknowledges the need for change, but does not go through any preparation in order to change it.

Preparation Stage

Stage of healthy change where someone is exploring plans and options in order to incorporate these new healthy changes into their life.

Action Stage

Stage of healthy change where someone BEGINS to enact their plans from the preparation stage.

Maintenance Stage

Stage of healthy change where someone tries to maintain their healthy habits LONG TERM.

Relapse Stage

Not an actual stage of healthy change: Happens during the maintenance stage where healthy behavior stops and the individual returns to before the action stage.

Personal Motivation

A resource of effective change that involves self-determination theory and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation.

Implementation Intention

A resource of effective change that involves having an "If-Then" plan for when you temporarily fall off of the wagon and setting long and short-term goals.

Social Relationships

A resource of effective change that involves having support systems from other people. It is important to have people to fall back on if you need emotional support, information, or tangible assistance.

Stress

A natural response to threats, harm, and challenges resulting from certain stimuli.

Cortisol

Part of the brain that is responsible for increasing blood sugar, suppressing the immune system, and increasing metabolism during times of stress

Lymphocytes

Part of the immune system: White blood cells that respond to foreign microbes.

Non-Specific Immunity

Part of the immune system: General reactions to any invader; the primary line of defense.

Specific Immunity

Part of the immune system: Subsystem that adapts to specific pathogens: The reason why vaccines work so well.

Cognitive Appraisal

Appraising a stressful event as challenging or threatening can change your perspective. Viewing as a challenge is healthier.

Secondary Appraisal

After appraising a stressful event, this is how you respond to either a challenge or a threat.

ACSM Exercise Guidelines

These guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of cardio per week.

FITT Exercise Principles

These guidelines help you categorize your exercise by frequency, intensity, time, and type.

A diet high in vitamins, minerals, and fiber.

What is eating right?

Risk of cancer, CVD, blood pressure, and tooth decay.

What does healthy weight loss lower?

A fad diet that recommends high protein, low carbs, and low fiber in order to use weight.

What is the Atkins diet?

Abnormal Behavior

Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, and distressing.

Stigamized

Term used for marking something/someone with disgrace.

Must be on a continuum and interrelated with other common disorders.

What traits of a behavior makes something a psychological disorder?

Biological Approach

The theoretical approach that mental disorders originate from genetics.

Psychological Approach

The theoretical approach that mental disorders originate from previous experiences, current thoughts and emotions, and personality.

Sociocultural Approach

The theoretical approach that mental disorders vary across cultures (Ex: Bulimia in the west, Koro in the east)

Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A list of classified mental disorders that is used by all American Psychologists: The gold standard of psychology.

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

A list of all known recorded diseases, the standard outside of the U.S.A.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Mental disorder that causes someone to be inattentive for an extended period of time.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Mental disorder that causes anxiety for absolutely no reason. Diagnoses require at least 6 months of symptoms.

Panic Disorder

Mental disorder that causes recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror with no origin or warning.

Specific Phobias

Mental disorder that causes an irrational, overwhelming fear of object or situation.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Mental disorder that causes an intense fear of humiliation.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Mental disorder that causes intrusive, anxiety-provoking thoughts that won't go away, urging repetitive behaviors.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Mental disorder that causes flashbacks, anxiety, hyper arousal, memory impairments, and impulsive behavior after a traumatic experience. Symptoms generally last years or forever.

Major-Depressive Disorder

Mental disorder that causes sudden lethargy, fatigue, apathy, and worthlessness for seemingly no reason.

Bipolar Disorder I

Mental disorder that causes mood swings between extreme manic episodes, often causing hallucinations, and major depression

Bipolar Disorder II

Mental disorder that causes mild mood swings that alternate with depression.

Dissociative Amnesia

Mental disorder that causes an individual to experience extreme memory loss from stress, procedural memories kept.

Dissociative Personality Disorder

Mental disorder that causes an individual to have to distinct personalities, relationships, and memories.

Schizophrenia

Mental disorder that causes highly disordered thought, split from reality, and seeing things others do not. Higher than the human experience, wild connections in the brain others wouldn't. Weird movement.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Mental disorder that causes inability to feel guilt, which leads to lawbreaking, violence, and deceit.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Mental disorder that causes instability in intrapersonal relationships and self image, leading to impulsiveness and insecurity.

45,000

Amount of people that commit suicide every year in the United States.

10

Suicide is the __th leading cause of death in the United States.

Psychotherapy

Type of therapy where patient simply talks. It is non-medical and improves quality of life.

Directive Approach

Approach to therapy that has the counselor facilitates guidance for a therapy session.

Non-Directive Approach

Approach to therapy that has the client lead the therapy session.

Insight Approach

Approach to therapy that aims to find the source of issue.

Skill Approach

Approach to therapy that aims to help client with symptoms and teach healthy coping methods.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Directive + Insightful

Type of therapy that aims to recognize maladaptive coping mechanisms and the source of conflicts by emphasizing previous experiences.

Psychoanalysis Therapy

Freud's four techniques for analyzing unconscious thought.

Free Association

Psychoanalysis technique that involves a client writing down anything that comes to mind.

Catharsis

Psychoanalysis technique that involves a client unloading all repressed emotion.

Interpretation

Psychoanalysis technique that involves inferring unconscious thought

Transference

Psychoanalysis technique that involves a client projecting conflicts onto therapist, who is out of view.

Humanistic Therapy

Non-Directive + Insightful

Type of therapy that allows the patient to fully present conscious thoughts, aiming for self understanding and personal grown on the client's part.

Client-Centered Therapy

Carl Roger's kind of humanistic therapy where he actively listens and utilizes reflective speech.

Behavior Therapy

Directive + Skill

Type of therapy that emphasizes using overt behavior rather than insight.

Exposure Therapy

Type of behavior therapy that is used to treat phobias by bringing the client into direct contact with the thing associated with the fear.

Systematic Desensitization

Type of behavior therapy that is used to treat phobias by having the client list off attributes of the phobia that scare them.

Cognitive Therapy

Directive + Skill

Type of therapy that involves using thoughts, which would eventually lead to feelings, as the source of many psychological issues. The goal is to reconstruct cognition and uncover flawed logic.

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy

Type of therapy that integrates all four other types of therapy into one.

Drug Therapy

Type of biological therapy that utilizes chemicals to cure mental disorders.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Type of biological therapy that applies small electrical current into the brain, causing mini-seizures. Used as a last resort in mental disorder.

Psychosurgery

Type of biological therapy that cuts a hole into the brain; precise pre-frontal lobotomies.

Group Therapy

Type of sociocultural therapy that has a group of people with a relatively similar mental illness to share stories, etc.

Family or Couples Therapy

Type of sociocultural therapy that aims to resolve conflicts amongst specific people.

Self-Help Support Group

Type of sociocultural therapy that involves interest groups volunteering, facilitated by paraprofessional.

Social Cognition

The way people think about others, attend to social situations, learn social skills, and use them in their lives. Explains how people perceive each other.

Deceptive Research

Type of research that puts ignorant people in social situations by setting thing up with actors.

Physical Attractiveness

These traits are considered universally attracted across all cultures: Face symmetry and "averageness"

Stereotype

A generalization about a certain group's characteristics that do not consider individual variations.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Condition in which expectations about others lead them to behave in the expected way; letting stereotypes effect behavior

Stereotype Threat

An individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of judgement based on a negative stereotype in their group.

Attribution Theory

The theory that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior (Ex: You see drama happening in the distance and wonder what's going on)

Internal vs External Dimensions

A dimension of attribution that compares attributing a stimulus to your own or someone/something else's actions.

Stable vs Unstable Dimensions

A dimension of attribution that attributes an action's cause from unchanging factors or temporary factors.

Controllable vs Uncontrollable Dimensions

A dimension of attribution that attributes factors to something that we have

Fundamental Attribution Error

When interpreting other behavior: You give yourself the benefit of the doubt and overestimate others internal dimensions.

Misattribution of Arousal

When people make make poor inferences about what causes specific feelings in other people.

Just-World Hypothesis

Belief that that the world is fair and people who do good receive good in return.

False Consensus Effect

Overestimating the degree that other people think or act like we do.

Cognitive Dissonance

Tension is caused when people act inconsistently with their attitude.

Self Perception Theory

People use observations of their own behavior as a basis for inference

White Bear

The animal and color used for the memory suppression exercise in class.