Studied by 2 people2 defining movements that led to modern society in Europe
the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation
How did crusades influence the Renaissance?
Europe saw the wealth of the Asian societies and saw they had higher potential to strive for
Why was Italy the birth place for the Renaissance?
Italy was in the middle of the Mediterranean sea which connected Asia, Africa, and Europe which allowed for the major port cities in Italy to experience culture and financial growth
What system of government was Italy under during the Renaissance?
Oligarchies run by influential families
Which family controlled Florence?
Medici Family - got money from banking
What ideaologies did the Renaissance center around?
Humanism, Classicism, Individualism, Secularism
Humanism
focused on humanistic studies (language, logic, history)
Civic humanism
good citizens should participate in politics
To whom did Civic humanism apply to?
Men who were able to get an education
Which book highlighted human potential?
Oration of the Dignity of Mankind by Pico de Mirandola
Secularim
living life in neutral state that is not ruled over by religion
Niccolo Machiavelli
wrote “The Prince”
How did Machiavelli’s circumstances affect his writing?
1) Italy was fragmented and other governments aw this and wished to take control over Italy. He urged the leaders to create a unified army to ward off such advances
2) This book was short and written simply so that nobility could read it quickly and easily
Petrarch
Father of humanism, translated Cicero’s works
Book of Courtier
written by Castiglione - a guide on how to act around high class society to move up in rank
How did the fall of Constantinople influenced the Renaissance?
Byzantine scholars fled Istanbul to Italy and brought their original Greek works with them
Key features of Renaissance Art
classicism, symmetry, proportionality, individualism, perspective, chiaroscuro, naturalism/realism
Leonardo da Vinci’s famous work
Mona Lisa
Michelangelo’s famous work
David + Sistine Chapel
Raphael’s famous works
School of Athens
Boticelli’s famous work
Birth of Venus
Who paid for the Renaissance art?
the church + wealthy families
What ended the Italian Renaissance?
The sacking of Rome by Charles V in 1527
How did the Northern Renaissance differ from the Italian Renaissance?
It wanted to bring change into society by fixing the Church rather than moving away from it
Desiderius Erasmus
Prince of Northern Humanism —> believed in education fixing the Catholic Church
Thomas More
English Humanist - wrote Utopia which detailed an ideal society where property is shared (lowk socialist)
How did Northern Renaissance art differ from Italian art?
focused more on common folk, less nudes, gothic influences, commissioned by wealthy merchants and monarchs, symbolism
Famous Northern Renaissance artist
Pieter Bruegel
Johann Gutenberg
invented the printing press
What did the printing press lead to?
1) rise in literacy
2) Gutenberg’s bible
3) Vernacular language - books written in commoner language
4) Spread philosophical teaching of Erasmus
5) Spread Renaissance out of Italy
What were New Monarchies?
New monarchies were a political system that emerged in Europe during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. They were characterized by strong centralized power and the consolidation of authority under a single monarch. These monarchs sought to increase their control over their territories, reduce the power of the nobility, and establish more efficient administrative systems.
New Monarchs were categorized by
1) collection of taxes
2) expanding land
3) creating central government with singular army
4) taking control from nobles and church
What were the 3 main New Monarchies?
France, England, Spain
Who in the French government created a permanent army and created a strong administration?
Charles VII
Concordat of Bologna
The Concordat of Bologna granted the French crown significant control over the appointment of bishops while also recognizing the Pope's authority.
Louis XI
forced England to leave France and gained new territories
War of Roses
war between noble families to gain control of England - ended w the Yorks winning but they couldn’t produce a male heir so the Tudors took over
Act of Supremacy
declared the king as the supreme head of the Church of England, separating it from the authority of the Pope in Rome. This act established the English monarch as the highest authority in both religious and secular matters within the realm.
Star Chamber
created unified system of law in England
What unified Spain?
Marriage of Isabelle of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon
How did the Spanish government gain control over the people?
Inquisition - pushed out all of the Jews and Muslims to allow Catholicism to spread
Concordat
A concordat is an agreement or treaty between the Vatican and a secular government, typically regarding the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state
Note
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