Chapter 20: Earth Materials 

________ also provides clues to help determine the depositional environment of the sediment that formed the detrital rock.

________: a naturally occurring element or compound that is inorganic, solid, and has a crystalline structure.

The ________ are a source of many valuable ore minerals and building materials.

________ can be classified using six basic crystal forms.

________: When minerals slowly precipitate out of water and fill spaces between clasts.

________: describes the size, shape, and arrangement of the rocks.

________ is a common term for a compound that contains silicon plus oxygen or silicon dioxide (SiO2)

The process by which clasts stick together by being pushed together is called ________.

________ usually develops from peat, a brown, lightweight deposit of moss and other plant matter.

The types of atoms that are added depend on the atoms in the growing ________ surroundings.

________- grained, extrusive igneous rocks often have grain sizes that are too small to be seen without magnification.

The ________ and composition of minerals allow them to be sorted into groups.

In order of decreasing size, clasts are classified as gravel, ________, silt, or clay.

________ can be classified by their texture.

________ occurs when physical forces break rocks into smaller clasts.

________ can form in different ways.

The ________, shown below, illustrates the sequence in which minerals crystallize from magma at different temperatures.

________ means that minerals are materials that are not produced by living organisms.

Any ________, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock can be changed through metamorphism.

________ is an example of a mineral with two planes of cleavage.

The ________ in a mineral often is related to its external crystal shape.

________- grained granite and fine- grained rhyolite both form from granitic magmas.

________ and contact metamorphism cause changes that can occur over millions of years.

________ depends on sources of rock material that were eroded, transported, and eventually deposited.

________ is extremely variable, so adjectives are used to modify the general name of the rock.

________, micas, and amphiboles are examples of minerals that contain water in their crystal structures.

________ sometimes display intense transformations in metamorphic rocks.

________ are randomly oriented when no directed force is involved.

________ in rocks are caused by thermal energy, pressure, and chemical reactions.

The ________ is the outermost layer of Earth.

A(n) ________ is performed by rubbing a mineral on an unglazed, white porcelain tile.

________: The physical property that measures resistance to scratching.

The ________ are indicated by their chemical formulas.

________ produce rocks with different textures.

________ are those that form from molten magma.

________ can also be nonfoliated where crystals are in more random orientations.

The ________ is a continuous cycle.

It includes all ________ and the material that forms the ocean bottom.

a naturally occurring element or compound that is inorganic, solid, and has a crystalline structure

The ability of a mineral to do this is the physical property

When a mineral breaks unevenly

The physical property that measures resistance to scratching

The color of a mineral in powdered form

Molten rock material found inside Earth

metallic minerals are valuable as well

a naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, or volcanic glass bound together

describes the size, shape, and arrangement of the rocks

form within, or push into, regions of Earths crust

rocks that form from lava erupted at Earths surface

grained basalt both form from basaltic magmas

small bits and pieces

The empty space between clasts

When minerals slowly precipitate out of water and fill spaces between clasts

crystals are arranged in layers and bands

The continual changing of rocks into different types