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Cell Wall
structural strength/support
lets other molecules in and out (acts as filter)
found in plant/fungi cells
Mitochondria
Produces energy
Energy in cells converted to ATP
can have multiple based on cell needs
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Protein synthesis + transport (by ribosomes)
rough has ribosomes, produces protons for secretion
smooth detoxifies
Chloroplast
found in plants, location of photosythesis, sunlight capture, conserves/produces energy
helps mitochondria produce ATP
ribosomes express genetic info
Golgi Apparatus
receives, modifies and sorts proteins for transport/delivery
Cilia and Flagella
Flagella euk and prok, cilia just euk
moves cell/moves stuff around cell
Flagella longer, cilia shorter (often more cilia)
Ribosomes
prok + euk
links amino acids to polypeptides
creates proteins, factory of cell (protein synthesis)
Nucleus
replicates/transcribes DNA (chromosomes)
codes for proteins
controls/regulates activities of cell
Lysosomes
“digestive system of cell” breaks down unneeded molecules/organelles acid breaks down waste
Vacuole
Membrane large membraneous sacs for storing things
Nuclear Membrane
Surrounds nucleus, controls what goes in/out
Cell Membrane
Protective semipermeable outer layer, controls what goes in and out
made up of phospholipid bilayer with proteins inside
Diffusion
Particles moving randomly in a net movement of high to concentration until equilibrium is reached.
molecules will still move randomly after equilibrium is reached
Simple Diffusion
No transport protein
movement hi-lo, with/down concentration gradient
no energy input (passive)
Ex: small non-polar molecules: CO2, O2
O2 goes in, CO2 comes out
Facilitated Diffusion
carrier/channel transport proteins
hi-lo w cg
no energy input (passive)
Ex: Glucose
Active Transport
pump transport proteins
lo-hi, against cg
ATP energy used (active)
Ex: Na+/K+ ions
Endocytosis
form of active transport
phagocytosis(cell eating) + pinocytosis(cell drinking)
takes material into cell by folding in packets of cell membrane into vesicles (pouches)
Exocytosis
removing material where vesicles merge with cell membrane to release contents
Osmosis
diffusion of water
moves through aquaporin proteins
Passive transport, with/down cg
Isotonic
Solution and cell have same concentration
Hypotonic
Solution with lower solute concentration
more water in cell than out
Hypertonic
Solution with higher solute concentration
less solute in cell than out
Osmotic Pressure
Pressure water exerts on hypertonic side (selectivly permeable)
problematic for living cells, bursting/shriveling
Molarity vs. Osmolarity
Molarity:
concentration of a solute
Osmolarity:
concentration of multiple solutes
Excretory System
accomplishes water balance + waste removal
liver converts protein into urea
kidneys will remove unwanted substances, keep what’s beneficial and balance water amounts
Urea
excess amino acids in body broken up by liver
stored in bladder
Cells break down proteins: toxic ammonia - liver (turns to urea) - kidneys (turns to urine)
Nephron
functional unit of the kidney
millions of nephrons in kidneys
Filtration
blood cells, platelets, other large components stay in blood vessel
filtrate (water, urea, uric acid, glucose, amino acids, salts) formed into Bowman’s capsule
Reabsorbtion
liquid filtrate re-absorbed into blood through active/passive transport
filtrate goes down loop of Henle (loop of nephron) and reabsorbs molecules/ions
Secretion
Substances moved by active transport from blood into the loop of nephron - urine
Osmoregulation
achieved by filtrate moving down the nephron
water moves by osmosis from nephron to fluid (taken up by capilaries)
as urine travels through the loop, water is reclaimed by osmosis