AP Gov: UNIT 3

Evidence obtained by an illegal search & seizure is inadmissible in court

Written defamation

Prayer in classrooms determined to violate 1st Amend

Policy in education admissions or job hiring that gives attention to disadvantaged groups to overcome past discrimination

No person imprisoned for any offense (petty, misdemeanor, felony) unless represented by counsel at trial

Test which permits restriction of speech by gov if believed that a form of speech has reason to cause illegal activity

School officials decide what manner speech is appropriate for school sponsored activity

First 10 Amends

Segregation violates “Equal Protection” Clause of the 14th Amend

Gov. can interfere w/ speech if it will lead to evil or illegal acts

Restricting access to ideas and information

Constitutionally guarantees freedoms that protects citizens, opinions, and property against arbitrary gov interference

False speech outside 1st Amend protection that damage a person’s character or reputation (unprotected by Constitution)

Unequal treatment of equals

Individuals have right to own and possess firearms

Individuals rights as a citizen to participate free from discrimination or persecution

14th Amend clause- no state may deprive a person of life, liberty, or property w/o due process of law

No cruel or unusual punishment

Power of gov to take private property for public use

Banned formal prayer in schools, gov wouldn’t make any religion the ‘official’ religion

14th Amend clause- prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law

Ruled that right of lawyer exists at time of questioning

Gave gov new ways to combat spying

1st Amend ban on laws “respecting an establishment of religion”

Prevents evidence obtained by illegal search from being used against the accused

Right to remain silent/double jeopardy, right to due process

Speech intended to incite violence

Freedom of Speech

Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures

All people born in US are citizens and guaranteed equal protection of the law

1st Amend requirement that law can’t prevent free excercise of religion

Ruled guarantee the right to counsel allows poor defendants access to state-paid attorneys

Speech restricted if possessed a “bad tendency” or a sole tendency to incite or cause illegal activity

Prohibiting contraceptives use or have advice on their use by a 3rd party invades privacy and is unconstitutional

Form of profanity meant to degrade, intimidate, or dehumanize groups of people

All aspects of the amend are applicable to states (1st, 2nd, 4th)

Equal protection test used by SC that requires gov to prove that use of classifications (age, gender, race) is related to an important gov objective

Public officials control editorial content of school newspaper as an education tool

3-pronged rule used by courts to determine whether establishment clause is violated

Any law that uplifts human personality is just.

Any law that degrades human personality is unjust.

Believe gov should use affirmative action to help

Believe affirmative action doesn’t help combat disadvantaged groups overcome past discrimination

Want strict regulation

Want lenient regulation

Believe gov only be involved when it comes to national security and maximizing political freedom

Believe gov should have most control to protect nations security at cost of people’s liberty

Incorporated 2nd Amend right to bear arms to the states

School officials can prohibit students from displaying messages that undermine the school’s mission

Organizations don’t have to give a list of members to the gov

Gov can’t censor content before its publication regardless of how scandalous they might be

School officials may conduct warrantless searches of students w/ reasonable suspicions

SC dealt w/ issue about state’s power to prohibit publication of official documents

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in Constitution

“Separate but equal” doctrine SC upheld the constitutionality of jim crow laws

Holding people accountable for published works

States may forbid private armies

Allowing gov to review content of printed materials and prevent their publication

Reasonable grounds for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.

Lowest-level standard by SC to determine whether a law is compatible w/ the Constitution

Evidence that justifies an officer in stopping and questioning an individual believed to be involved in criminal activity

Protection from interference w/ private sphere of a person’s affair

Legalized Abortion

Insulation or protection makes the judiciary branch the primary guardian of minority rights

Enacts laws to overcome local and state obstructions

Prohibited discrimination in employment and established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Right to bear arms

Speech directing an overthrow of gov

Separation of people based on racial, ethic, or other differences

Right to a trial by jury in civil cases

Right to a speedy trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person

Spoken falsehood

Test applied by court when a classification is based on race; gov must show a compelling reason for the law and no other less restrictive way to meet the interest

Nonverbal communication protected by 1st Amend

Power not given to fed. gov belong to people and states

Students have right to symbolic speech at school as long as it isn’t disruptive

States can restrict type of weapons that wouldn’t be used by an person in a militia

Lowered probable cause threshold for obtaining intelligence warrants

Amish don’t have to attend school after 8th grade (right to freedom of religion)