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DNA
molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Chromosome
tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus
Gene
A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait
Allele
An alternative form of a gene.
Homologous
A pair of chromosomes carrying the same sequence of genes
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA
Genotype
combination of alleles for a gene
Phenotype
observable characteristics determined by your genotype
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a gene. Eg Bb
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a gene. Eg BB or bb
Dominant
An allele that is always expressed in the phenotype
Recessive
An allele that is not expressed unless two copies are present in the genotype
Pure bred
An organism that is homozygous for a trait
test cross
the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
Diploid
containing two complete sets of chromosomes
Haploid
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Fertilisation
Fusing of a male gamete with a female gamete.
Genetic Variation
Differences in DNA within a species
Meiosis
a type of cell division that creates gametes
Mutation
permanent change in the DNA base sequence
Natural Selection
A process where individuals who are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their favourable alleles.
Pure Breeding
Individuals that are homozygous that will always produce the same offspring when crossed together
semi conservative
in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule and one strand is new
Somatic Cell
body cell
Gametic Cell
Sex cell, such as sperm or egg.
Mitosis
a type of cell division that results in two identical cells for growth and repair
Nucleotide
A building block of DNA, consisting of a base, sugar and phosphate
Zygote
fertilized egg
Carrier
A person who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder
asexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
sexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which genetically differs from both parents