Tags & Description
What is Psychology
Study of behavior and mental processes
Scientific Method
Perceive
Hypothesize
Test
Draw Conclusions
Report, Revise, Replicate
Correlation
A measure of the relationship between two vaariables
Positive Correlation
Variables related in same direction
Negative Correlation
Variables related in opposite directions
psycho-dynamic perspective
unconscious, conscious ego
Behavioral
learning and conditioning
Humanistic Perspective
Free will, Self actulization
Cognitive Perspective
Think, problem solving
Sociocultural Perspective
Cultural and social
Biopsychological
Brain, neuron, neuron transmitter
Evolutionary Perspective
Survival
Independent Variable
Variable that is manipulated
Dependent Variable
response to manipulation of the independent variable
Experimental groups
group that receives the experimental manipulation
Control group
Did not receive the experimental manipulation
Placebo effect
when a person's physical or mental health appears to improve after taking a placebo or 'dummy' treatment.
E.G, Anxiety improves when using sugar pills but being told the pill is Xanax
Experimenter effect
Observer biased
Single Blind Participants
unaware of the treatment received
Double Blind
neither participant nor researcher know what treatment was given
Cause and effect
Correlation does not tell cause
Social Influence
how a person's behavior, thoughts and feelings are influence and are influenced by social group
Conformity
Change one's own behavior behavior to match that of other people
Compliance
Change behavior as a result of someone asking you to
Obedience
changing one's own behavior at the direct order of authority
Foot in the door
Small request as opener then more added to
door in the face
Large request comes first which is usually denied followed by a smaller request that usually gets compliance
Low-ball technique
once commitment is made, the cost of commitment increases
(water plants- take care of dog)
Milgram studies
Shock research
Evalution
obey and disobey authority
4% were thought but 65% went all the way
Social cognition
attitudes , impression formation and attribution
attitudes
tendency to respond positively or negatively to a certain idea, person, object or situation
Developed through experiences
ABC model of attitudes
made of three components \n \n Affect- emotions or feelings \n I like \n \n Behavior- action that a person takes in regard to the person object or situation \n I download \n \n \n Cognitive- way a person thinks about the person, object or situation(thoughts) \n I think
Dispositional
Blame others like he is a careless driver, he never watches out for other cars
Situaltional
He probably got caught in some bad traffic and that's why he is late
Fundamental Attribution Error
Overestimate another's internal characteristic and underestimate external influence situation
Actor Observer Bias
a tendency to attribute one's own actions to extrernal causes, while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes
Cognitive dissonance
When attitudes and behavior clash
Find yourself doing things that don't match their idea of themselves as smart, nice or moral
Reduce cognitive dissonance
1. Change conflicting behavior to make it match their attitude
2.Change their current conflicting cognition to justify their behavior
3. Form cog. to justify their behaviors
Social categorization
occurs when people meet someone new is the assignment of that person to same kind of category
Stereotypes
set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all member of a particular social category
Impression Formation
forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person
all about predictions
social cognitions
Prejudice
is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual's membership of a social group. For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender etc. (e.g. sexist)
Discrimination
treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong
Interpersonal attraction
liking or having the desire for a relationship with someone else
Proximity
How close they are to you geographically
Similarity
how similar you are to them or what similarities are shared
Physical attraction
what attracts you to other people
Stereotype
A set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular group
Agression
Zimbardo prison experiment \n \n When one person hurts or tries to destroy another person deliberately either with words or with physical behavior \n \n Frontal lobes, amygdala and other structures of the limbic systems have been shown to trigger aggressive responses when simulated
Realistic conflict theory
increasing prejudice and discrimination are closely tied to an increasing degree of conflict b/w in and out groups
Social identity
view's of one's self concept that includes the view of one's self in a group
Social comparison
comparing themselves favorably to others to improve their own self-esteem
Self fulfilling prophecy
effect that expectations can have on outcomes
Altruism
pro social behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself
Diffusion of responsibility
phenomenon in which a person fails to take responsibility for either action or inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility
bystander effect
5 steps
Notice what is happening
Interpret as emergency
Assuming personal responsibility
Knowledge to help
making decision to be involved
Three processes of memory
Encoding, storage and retrieval
Encoding
Take in
Storage
Store information
Retrieval
Ability to recall later
Information processing model
Sensory (iconic and echoic)
Short term memory
long term memory
Sensory (iconic and echoic)
Lost with in a second
Elaborative Rehersal
a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way
Short term memory
Working memory - if you don't rehearse the information you will lose it in 15-30 seconds
Long term
seemingly infinite
Parallel Distributive
Take place at same time no phases
Levels of processing model
meaning leads to deeper processing
Proactive Interference
Old gets in the way of the new
Retroactive Interference
New gets in the way of old
Anterograde
no longer able to make new memories
Procedural
Skill memory
Semantic
Facts and general knowledge
meanings of words
concepts
terms
math skills
Declarative
a type of long-term memory that involves conscious recollection of particular facts and events.
episodic memory
Events experienced by a person
Retrieval cues
Recall and recognition
Recall
Type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory with very few external cues
Recognition
ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact
Serial position effect
tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information
State dependent learning
mental state whatever you study in whatever mind set you recall info in that same state of mind
Organization of the nervous system
Central nervous system
Brain and Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
autonomic
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Somatic
Central Nervous System
part of the nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain or spinal cord but that run through the body itself
Autonomic
division of the PNS CONSISTING OF NERVES THAT CONTROL ALL INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES, ORGANS AND GLANDS
Sympathetic
Fight or Flight
part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arrousal
Parasympathetic
part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-day functioning organs and glands
Somatic
Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to voluntary muscles of the body
Structure of the neuron
Dendrite
cell body (soma)
Axon
Myelin
Axon Terminal
Pons
involved in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, arousal
Cerebellum
controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement
Medulla
life-sustaining functions, like breathing, swallowing, heart rate
Reticular Fromation
General attention, alertness, arousal
Dendrites
Receives info
Axon
where information is sent to
Myelin sheath
protects axon and speeds up process
Synapse
microscopic fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell
Resting potential
the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse
action potential
the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon
neurotransmitters
chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell
role of interneurons
a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons. Inter-neurons also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain
Antagonist
chemical substance that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters