14: Psychological Disorders 

Delusion

________: Strongly held thought or belief that is at odds with reality.

Maladaptive

________ (behavior): Behavior arising from an underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day- to- day life.

Schizophrenia spectrum

________ and other psychotic disorders: Severe mental disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disturbed thought and /or speech, disturbed motor behavior, and /or retreat from reality.

Psychopathology

________: The scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; the term is also used to refer to maladaptive behavior.

Grit

________ is a better predicted of success than intelligence.

Phototherapy

________: A treatment for SAD that involves exposure to bright, full- spectrum light.

Psychosis

________ is a break in contact with reality that is marked by delusions, hallucinations, sensory changes, disturbed emotions, disturbed communication, and personality disintegration.

Heredity

________ is a major factor in schizophrenia.

Phobia

________: Persistent, excessive, and unrealistic fear that is triggered by specific objects or people.

psychodynamic approach

The ________ emphasizes the unconscious conflicts as the cause of disabling anxiety.

Bipolar

________ and related disorders: Mood disorders characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.

Mood disorders

________ also are partially explained by psychological factors such as loss, anger, learned helplessness, stress, and self- defeating thinking patterns.

Somatic symptoms

________ and related disorders center on physical complaints that mimic disease or disability.

Deliberate practice

________ involves staying focused during training, seeking feed back from experts, and then working to correct problems that have been identified.

Insanity

________: A legal term that refers to a mental inability to manage ones affairs or to be aware of the consequences of ones actions.

Psychological problems

________ are classified by using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) (DSM- 5), and it is possible for people to be comorbid (i.e., exhibiting symptoms that fit more than one disorder)

Paranoia

________: A symptom marked by a preoccupation with delusions related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution.

Schizophrenia

________: Severe disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perceptions, emotions, and behavior.

Alzheimers disease

________: Age- related condition characterized by memory loss, confusion, and increasing loss of mental abilities.

Trauma

________- and stressor- related disorders: Behavior patterns brought on by traumatic stresses.

Hallucination

________: Perception with no basis in reality.

humanistic approach

The ________ emphasizes the effects of a faulty self- image.

Suicide

________ is a statistically related to such factors as sex, ethnicity, age, and marital status.

sense of hope

Fostering a(n) ________ will allow you to overcome the obstacles that inevitably occur when we are working toward important goals.

Catatonia

________: A disorder marked by stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism, and sometimes agitated, purposeless behavior.

Paranoid psychosis

________: A delusional disorder centered especially on delusions of persecution.

Bipolar II

________ disorder: A mood disorder in which a person is mostly depressed (sad, despondent, guilt- ridden) but also has had one or more episodes of mild mania (hypomania)

significant impairment

Mental disorder: A(n) ________ in psychological functioning.

Anxiety reduction hypothesis

________: Explains the self- defeating nature of avoidance responses as a result of the reinforcing effects of relief from anxiety.

Comorbid

________ (in mental disorders): The simultaneous presence in a person of two or more mental disorders.

Agoraphobia

________: The fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen if one leaves the house or enters an unfamiliar situation; excessive, irrational fear of being in public places.

Neurodevelopmental disorders

________: Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system arising before adulthood.

Delusional disorder

________: A psychosis marked by severe delusions of grandeur, jealousy, persecution, or similar preoccupations.

Neurocognitive disorders

________: Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system not arising until adulthood.

DSM

The ________ is updated regularly, and categories can be added, deleted, or changed based on an evolving understanding of disorders and changes in social norms.

Personality disorders

________ are persistent, maladaptive personality patterns.

Cognitive theories of anxiety

________ focus on distorted thinking and being fearful of others attention and judgements.

Psychological trauma

________: A psychological injury or shock, such as that caused by violence, abuse, neglect, separation, etc.

Schizophrenia spectrum disorder

________ involves varying degrees of abnormal cognition (delusions, paranoia), perceptions (hallucinations), abnormal mood (flat or inappropriate affect), abnormal behavior (inability to cope, catatonia) m and a disintegrated personality.

level of grit

Improving your ________ requires that people engage in deliberate practice when you are pursuing a goal.

Conversion disorder

________: A bodily symptom that mimics a physical disability but is actually caused by anxiety or emotional distress.

Social nonconformity

________: Failure to conform to societal norms or the usual minimum standard for social conduct.

Specific phobia

________: Persistent fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

Social anxiety disorder

________: An intense, irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, embarrassed, or humiliated by others in social situations.

unbearable psychological pain

In individual cases, the potential for suicide is best identified by a desire to escape, ________, and frustrated psychological needs.

Environmental factors

________ that increase the risk for schizophrenia include viral infection or malnutrition during the mothers pregnancy and birth complications.

Symptoms

________ can be divided into those that are positive (i.e., exaggeration compared to normal behavior) and those that are negative (i.e., deficit compared to normal behavior)

Bipolar disorders

________ combine mania and depression.

Seasonal affective disorder

________ (SAD): Depression that occurs only during fall and winter; presumable related to decreased exposure to sunlight.

persistent depressive disorder

In a(n) ________ (dysthymia), depression is long- lasting but moderate.

Mental disorder

A significant impairment in psychological functioning

Psychopathology

The scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; the term is also used to refer to maladaptive behavior

Statistical abnormality

Abnormality defined on the basis of an extreme score on some dimension, such as IQ or anxiety

Social nonconformity

Failure to conform to societal norms or the usual minimum standard for social conduct

Maladaptive (behavior)

Behavior arising from an underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day-to-day life

Comorbid (in mental disorders)

The simultaneous presence in a person of two or more mental disorders

Insanity

A legal term that refers to a mental inability to manage ones affairs or to be aware of the consequences of ones actions

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system arising before adulthood

Neurocognitive disorders

Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system not arising until adulthood

Alzheimers disease

Age-related condition characterized by memory loss, confusion, and increasing loss of mental abilities

Psychological trauma

A psychological injury or shock, such as that caused by violence, abuse, neglect, separation, etc

Stress-vulnerability (diathesis-stress) model

A model that attributes mental illness to a combination of environmental stress and inherited susceptibility

Psychosis (Psychoses)

A withdrawal from reality marked by hallucinations and delusions, disturbed thoughts and emotions, and personality disorganization

Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

Severe mental disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disturbed thought and/or speech, disturbed motor behavior, and/or retreat from reality

Hallucination

Perception with no basis in reality

Delusional disorder

A psychosis marked by severe delusions of grandeur, jealousy, persecution, or similar preoccupations

Delusion

Strongly held thought or belief that is at odds with reality

Paranoid psychosis

A delusional disorder centered especially on delusions of persecution

Schizophrenia

Severe disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perceptions, emotions, and behavior

Paranoia

A symptom marked by a preoccupation with delusions related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution

Catatonia

A disorder marked by stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism, and sometimes agitated, purposeless behavior

Depressive disorders

Class of disorders marked by chronic feelings of sadness and despondency

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Moderate depression that persists for two years or more

Major depressive disorder

Mood disorder in which the person has suffered one or more intense episodes of depression

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Depression that occurs only during fall and winter; presumable related to decreased exposure to sunlight

Phototherapy

A treatment for SAD that involves exposure to bright, full-spectrum light

Bipolar and related disorders

Mood disorders characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression

Manic episode

Period of abnormally excessive energy and elation

Cyclothymic disorder

Moderate manic and depressive behavior that persists for two years or more

Bipolar I disorder

A mood disorder in which a person has episodes of mania (excited, hyperactive, energetic, or grandiose behavior) and also periods of deep depression

Bipolar II disorder

A mood disorder in which a person is mostly depressed (sad, despondent, guilt-ridden) but also has had one or more episodes of mild mania (hypomania)

Postpartum depression

A mild to moderately severe depression that begins within three months following childbirth

Personality disorders

Long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that create a variety of problems

Antisocial personality disorder

Unusual remorselessness, lack of empathy, or disregard for social conventions

Anxiety disorders

Class of disorders marked by feeling of excessive apprehension and worry

Generalized anxiety disorder

Psychological disorder characterized by nearly constant, exaggerated worries

Panic disorder

Chronic state of anxiety, with brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic

Phobia

Persistent, excessive, and unrealistic fear that is triggered by specific objects or people

Agoraphobia

The fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen if one leaves the house or enters an unfamiliar situation; excessive, irrational fear of being in public places

Social anxiety disorder

An intense, irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, embarrassed, or humiliated by others in social situations

Specific phobia

Persistent fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

Anxiety reduction hypothesis

Explains the self-defeating nature of avoidance responses as a result of the reinforcing effects of relief from anxiety

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Extreme preoccupations with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

An extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors

Hoarding disorder

Excessively collecting various things

Trauma-and stressor-related disorders

Behavior patterns brought on by traumatic stresses

Adjustment disorder

Emotional disturbance caused by ongoing stressors within the range of common experience

Acute stress disorder

A psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses that would produce anxiety in anyone who experienced them

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Pattern of unwanted memories, nightmares, and flashbacks following a traumatic event for more than a month

Dissociative disorders

Class of psychological disorders involving disintegration of consciousness, memory, or self-identity