Life Science_ Term 3 & 4 (Pt. 1)

• transporting blood with oxygen from lungs to cells

• transporting blood with carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs

• distributing nutrients from digestive system to cells in the body

• removing waste products to be excreted

When blood leaves the blood vessels and is pumped into the body cavity

• blood moves very slowly

• organism has low blood pressure

• restricted to smaller animals, like insects

Blood remains within a system of blood vessels

• cone shaped organ

• strong cardiac muscle that pumps blood throughout the body

• contracts and relaxes continuously

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Protective connective tissue membrane enclosing the heart

• protects and anchors the heart to the surrounding organs

Behind the sternum, between the lungs in the thoracic cavity

Deoxygenated blood → superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs

Oxygenated blood → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body

Keeps deoxygenated blood in the right atrium and ventricle separated from the oxygenated blood in the left atrium and ventricle

It is responsible for pumping blood to throughout the whole body.

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, to our body organs under high pressure

Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

Lie very closely next to the cells of the body

Arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins

55% fluid plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets

• red blood cells

• biconcave discs

• average life cycle of 120 days

Oxygen carrying protein present in red blood cells As red blood cells pass through the lungs, oxygen molecules attach to the hemoglobin

• white blood cells

• microphages, T-cells, B-cells, plasma cells, memory cells

• important part of body's immune system

• blood platelets

• irregularly-shaped, colorless bodies present in blood

• play a role in clotting blood at the point of bleeding

The platelets gather at the wound, they begin to form fibrin. The fibrin threads then begin to form a web-like mesh over the hole in the leaking blood vessel. This mesh traps the blood cells within it.

Short system that circulates blood between the lungs and heart

• part of the circulatory system

Longer system that circulates blood from the heart throughout the body and back again

• part of the circulatory system

When the force with which the blood pushes against the walls of the blood vessels is too high and can cause damage to the capillaries and organs

• often results from eating too much salt

When an artery narrows or a blood clot develops in one of the blood vessels that supplies the heart muscle with blood, it can stop the blood flow to the heart muscle and can stop it from pumping (heart attack)

When cells in your brain are deprived of oxygen

• often occurs as a result of a blockage in the blood vessels leading to the brain, or when once of these vessels rupture

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

• deals with the exchange of gases in your body

• responsible for supplying the body's cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide

mouth and nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

Oxygen rich air enters the body through the mouth and nose where it is warmed by blood vessels which close to the surface of these openings

Inside the larynx are vocal chords, as the air is expired the vocal chord vibrate, allowing us to make sounds

• tube that enters the chests and allows air to flow form the mouth into the bronchi

• kept open by cartilage rings

• splits into two air tubes (bronchi)

Soft flap of tissue located just above the opening of the trachea which prevents food from entering

The mucus lining the trachea traps the particles and the cilia on the ciliated cells work together to flick/move them out the body

Thin wall to allow rapid gaseous exchange Large surface area for rapid exchange of gases Rich supply of blood vessels to transport gases to and from the gaseous exchange surface

The surfaces through which gaseous exchange occurs

• large air sacs

• found at the ends of bronchioles

• surrounded by capillaries

• pink, spongy, air-filled structures

• surrounded by a protective membrane, pleura

Dome shaped muscle below the lungs that enables you to breath

• main muscle used for breathing

Muscles between the ribs contract and lift it upwards The diaphragm contracts; it flattens out This increases the space in the chest and causes the pressure to drop The low pressure causes air to be sucked into the lungs

Rib cage returns to its rest position The diaphragm relaxes; it becomes dome-shaped This decreases the space in the chest putting increased pressure on the air in the lungs, causing it to be pushed out

Process of taking oxygen into the lungs and forcing carbon dioxide out the body

• in the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood back into the alveoli

• at the body tissue, oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells diffuses into the blood

Metabolic reaction which occurs inside a mitochondria of a cell and results in the release of chemical energy

Asthma, allergies that inflame the lung Lung cancer, disease resulting from smoking/air pollution Bronchitis, swelling of the lining of the bronchi due to infection Pneumonia, alveoli fill with fluid due to infection TB, infectious disease caused by bacteria

The removal of toxic metabolic waste from the body so the internal environment can remain stable

Excess mineral salts Excess water Nitrogen containing waste : ammonia, urea, uric acid Non-nitrogenous wastes : nicotine, pain-killers, tranquillizers

Filtration of blood Excretion of metabolic wastes Reabsorption of useful substances Control the pH of the blood Osmoregulation

Tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder

Stores urine

Controls the release of urine from bladder

Tube through which urine is released

Carries waste products, nutrients and oxygen from the heart to kidneys

• acts as excretory organ

• bean shaped

• fit in between the rib cage and the pelvis, at the back of the body

• protected against heat loss and injury by masses of fatty tissue

Carries purified deoxygenated blood back to the inferior vena cava

Carries impure blood containing metabolic waste from the aorta to the kidney

• branches off the aorta

Microscopic structure which carries out all the kidneys functions

Protects kidney

Reddish outer area of kidney

Light pink inner area of kidney

Injury Infection Extensive use of certain drugs

Blood from the artery is pumped into the dialyzer dialysis machine The dialyzer cleans the blood by removing metabolic waste The cleaned blood is then returned to the body

Treatment is time consuming Patient may feel ill during treatment Bleeding problems, due to the anticoagulants Kidney machines are very expensive

Bacteria and other micro-organisms get into the bladder

• most common in females; shorter urethra and closer to anus than men

• signs : smelly, cloudy urine burning sensation when urinating

• can be treated using antibiotics

• hard crystals of calcium and salts form inside the kidney

• can block tubules and cause terrible pain

• most pass out of the body on their own, but others may have to be removed by surgery

• symptoms: sharp pain on the side of the body blood in urine

Difficult to find a suitable donor Operation is expensive Kidney can be rejected