APES Unit 3: Ch 3 & 4

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

A population or group of population whose memebers share characteristics and can bread with eachother and produce fertile offspring

Change over time; gentic changes lead to changes in apperance, functioning or behavior over generations

Traits that enhance survival and reproduction

The process where over time, characteristics(traits) that lead to better reproductive success

Accidental changes in DNA that may be passed on the next generation

Drives a feature in one direction

Favors intermediate traits; preserving the status quo

Traits diverge in two or more directions

Related species in different environments; experience different pressures, evolve different traits

Unreleated species may evovle similar traits; because they live in similar environment

The process of selectipn conducted under human direction; producing the great variety of dog breeds and food crops

The variety of life across all levels of biological organization

The process of generating new species from a single species

Species fromation due to physical seperation of population

Species form from population that become reproductively isolated within the same area

Show relationships among species, groups, genes, etc.

An imprint in stone of a dead organism

The cumulative body of fossils worldwide

The disappearance of a species from Earth, when the environment changes faster than species can keep up

Species that indicate change

A species that only exists in a certain, specialized area

Extinction usually occurs one species at a time

The total living things on Earth, plus the area they inhabit

Interacting species living in the same area

Communities and nonliving material and forces they interact with

Investigates the dynamic of population change

Focuses on patterns of species diversity and interactions

Studies living and nonliving components of systems to reveal patterns

The type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs

Each organism thrives in certain habitats but not others

The process by which organisms actively select habitats in which to live

An organism's use of resources

Have narrow niches and specific needs, extremely good at what they do but vulnerable when conditions change

Species with broad niches, use wide array of habitats and resources and can live in many different places

Number of individual organisms at a given time

Number of individuals in a population per unit area

Spatial arrangement of organisms

Haphazardly located individual's, with no pattern

Individuals are evenly spaced; territoriality, competition

Arranged according to availability of resources; most common in nature

Proportion of males to females; in monogamous species, 1:1 maximizes population growth

The relative number of organisms of each age in a population

Show the age structure of population

The likelihood of death varies by age

More deaths at older age

Equal number of deaths at all ages

More deaths at younger age

An organism's capacity to produce offspring

Species with long gestation periods and few offspring

Species which reproduce quickly

Births within the population

Deaths within the population

Arrival of individuals from outside the population

Departure of individuals from the population

A population increases by a fixed percent

Physical, chemical, and biological attributes of the environment

All limiting factors taken together, stabilizes population size

Limiting factors whose influence is affected by population density

Limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population density

The maximum population size of a species that it's environment can sustain

Both species are harmed; multiple organisms seek the same limited resources

One species benefits and the other is harmed

Both species benefit

Competition between members of the same species

Competition between members of 2 or more species

One species completely excludes another species from using the resource

Neither species fully excludes the other from resources, so both live side by side

The full niche of species

The portion of fundamental niche that is actually filled

Competing species diverge in their physical characteristics

One member exploits another for its own gain

Process by which individuals of one species (predators) capture, kill, and consume individuals of another species (prey)

A relationship in which an organism depends on another (host)

Insects that parasitize other intersects killing the host

Hosts and parasites become locked in a duel of escalating adaptation

Animals feed on the tissues of plants

Two or more species benefit from their interactions (+/+)

Mutualism in which the organisms live in close physical contact

Plant roots and fungi

Coral and algae

A trait that confers greater likelihood that an individual will reproduce

English naturalist who proposed the concept of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution and as a way to explain the great variety of living thins

A scientist who studies human populations

The science that deals with the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interactions among them and the interactions between organisms and their abiotic environments

Visitation of natural areas for tourism and recreation. May generate economic benefits

A plot that shows how the initial exponential growth of a population is slowed and finally brought to a standstill by limiting factors

The rate of change in a populations size resulting from birth and death rates alone, excluding migration

The spatial arrangement of organisms within a particular area

English naturalist who proposed, independently of Charles Darwin, the concept of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution and as a way to explain the great variety of living things

A biome that is nearly as dry as a desert but is located at very high altitudes along the northern edges of Russia, Canada, and Scandinavia. Extremely cold winters with little day light and moderately cool summers with lengthy days characterize this landscape of lichens and low, scrubby vegetation

A biome characterized by year-round rain and uniformly warm temperatures. Found in Central America, South America, southeast Asia, west Africa, and other tropical regions. Tropical rainforests have dark, damp interiors; lush vegetation; and highly diverse biotic communities

A biome that consists of deciduous trees and occurs at tropical and sub-tropical latitudes where wet and dry seasons each span about half the year. Widespread in India, Africa, South America, and northern Australia

Rank in the feeding hierarchy of a food chain. Organisms at higher trophic levels consume those at lower trophic levels

A series of changes in the population sizes of organisms at different trophic levels in a food chain, occurring when predators at high trophic levels indirectly promote populations of organisms at low trophic levels by keeping species at intermediate trophic levels in check.

A biome consisting of tall coniferous trees, cooler and less species rich than tropical rainforest and milder and wetter than temperate deciduous forest

A biome whose vegetation is dominated by grasses and features more extreme temperature differences between winter and summer and less precipitation than temperate deciduous forest

A biome consisting of midlatitude forests characterized by broad-leafed trees that lose their leaves each fall and remain dormant during winter. Thes forests occur in areas where precipitation is spread relitvely evenly throughout the year: much of Europe, eastern China, and eastern North America

A stereotypical series of changes in the composition and structure of an ecological community through time

A stereotypical series of changes as an ecological community develops over time, beginning when some vent disrupts or dramatically alters an existing community