Chapter 20 - The Revolution in Energy and Industry

Britain became the leader in the Industrial Revolution because of these factors:

a term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late 18th century

The primary product of Britain’s economy was:

During this period, the cottage industry of production was phased in favor of:

a single, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765

a spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill - a factory

Britain’s economy drastically grew from their monopoly on industrialized production of:

mechanized and standardized the production of textiles; invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, and began to fill factories after 1800

Cheap, expendable labor was supplied from:

By the 1740s, this resource was no longer prevalent enough to sustain the demand for energy:

a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Wat’s more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769

Britain turned to this resource for energy due to its abundancy and efficiency:

New advances in technology regarding energy resulted in the mass production and availability of this valuable resource:

The development of _____ in the early 1800s revolutionized transportation of goods and stimulated growth of the working class

the name given to George Stephenson’s effective passenger locomotive that was first tested in 1829

the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron

English economist who theorized that population growth grew exponentially, while food supply grew linearly, implying eventual mass famine in “Essay on the Principle of Population" in 1798

theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level

Britain became so technologically advanced that:

_____ countries began to catch up Britain after peace was brought in 1815:

practice of large government investment into industrialization to advance a country

a government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products

Economic nationalism and corporations became essentially in:

English institutions to house and feed the poor, but with horrendous working conditions and arduous labor

group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work

published “The Condition of the Working Class in England” in 1844, a blistering indictment of the middle class and opposing industrial capitalism for the rampant poverty it caused

Workers often came to factories and mines in _____ , reminiscent of the old customs of the cottage industry:

experimented with socialist societies, and claimed that giving workers proper conditions and amenities and not employing children would be more beneficial in the industrial world

english laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements

a gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner

The _____ broke of traditional family units in labor, with more and more children receiving some sort of education

The second largest occupation, with 90% of whom were women:

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten

awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans; bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824

a peaceful, working class movement for all males to gain the right to vote

workers or working-class people

the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes

established workhouses, housing and feeding the urban poor, but with horrendous conditions and arduous labor

an investigation into the horrendous working conditions of workers in factories

testimonies of arduous labor and the physical/sexual violence occurring in industrial mines