Carbon Compounds 2.3

Diversity of molecules

Form effects function

Macromolecules

Carbon based molecules which build our bodies up

The 4 main macromolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

3 Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Single sugars (C6 H12 O6)

3 Monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Glucose

Main source of energy for living cells

Fructose

Sweet sugar found in fruits

Disaccharides

Double sugars (C12 H22 O11)

3 Disaccharides

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Sucrose monos. and common name

Glucose and fructose; table sugar

Lactose monos. and common name

Glucose and galactose; milk sugar

Polysaccharides

Long chains of glucose (2+)

3 polysaccharides

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

Starch

Produced by plants

Glycogen

Animal starch

Cellulose

Indigestible plant fiber; makes up plant cell walls

Lipids

Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents

6 Lipids

Waxes, phospholipids, steroids, fats, triglycerides, oils

Waxes

Waterproofing

Phospholipids

Make cell membranes

Phospholipid parts

Soluble head, Insoluble tails

Steroids

Make steroid hormones (estrogen, testosterone)

Fats, triglycerides

Insulation and energy storage

Triglyceride parts

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Oils

Energy storage

Nonpolar

Hydrophobic

Polar

Hydrophilic

Saturated fatty acid (butter)

Only has single carbon-carbon bonds, stays solid

Unsaturated fatty acid (oils)

1+ double carbon-carbon bonds

Proteins

Long chains of amino acids (any length or order)

Types of amino acids (number)

20

Examples of proteins

Hair, nails/claws, skin, hormones, enzymes, feathers, muscles

Condensation Reaction

Water is a product

Hydrolysis Reaction

Water is a reactant

Nucleic Acids

Building blocks of DNA that encode proteins

Polymer (Glucose chain, nucleic acids)

Large molecule with repeating subunits

Monomer (glucose, nucleotides)

Individual subunit of a polymer

Nucleotides

Monomer of nucleic acids; made of phosphate group, sugar, and an organic base

DNA

Double chain of nucleotides

RNA

Single chain of nucleotides

Enzymes

Proteins which speed up chemical reactions

Energy-releasing reaction

Little Ea, occurs spontaneously

Energy-absorbing reaction

Requires source of energy

Ea with an Enzyme

Enzyme lowers Ea needed

Catalase

Liver enzyme

H2 O2 --->

H2O + O2

Single step enzymes

Degradation (break apart) and synthetic (building)

Degradation

Substrate -> Products

Synthetic

Substrates -> Product

Multi-step enzymes

Series of biochemistry reactions with multiple different enzymes