HOSA 139 Terms (Nutrition)

Macronutrients

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & water

Main function & caloric intake of Carbohydrates

energy, 4 Kilocalories, 50-60% of daily caloric intake

Main function & caloric intake of Lipids

storage of energy; 9Kcal; less than 30 % of daily caloric intake

Main function & caloric intake of Protein

structure; 4Kcal; or 15-25% of daily caloric intake

3 main catagories of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Monosaccharide

simplest: glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharide

sucrose, maltose, lactose & lactulose

Polysaccharide

starch, glycogen, soluble & insoluble

Fiber is subdivided into

soluble & insoluble

RDA for fibers is

25-35 per day

Soluble fiber

helps to reduce blood cholesterol levels

Insoluble fiber

is important for colon health

4 disorders of carbohydrate metabolism

galactosemia, primary lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance, sucrase deficiency

Galatosemia

inherited, early onset, accumulation of galatose in blood, severe symptoms = failure to thrive

Primary lactase deficiency

body cannot digest lactose, GI symptoms, early onset

Lactose intolerance

later onset, varied severity, various causes: inheritance, increased antibiotic use

Sucrase deficiency

similar to lactase deficiency:body cannot digest sucrase, GI symptoms, early onset

Functions of Carbohydrates

primary energy source for energy; balance protein & fat metabolism; fiber: important for bowel fx, waste elimination & blood sugar control; liver detox

Amino acids

the basic building blocks for proteins

Proteins are subdivided into

essential & nonessential

Urea/Ammonia

the main waste product produced by protein metabolism

Dietary sources of protein

complete: animal based; incomplete: plant based

Complete & incomplete protein forms

are based upon the range of amino acids present

Disorders of protein

Celiac disease & Milk protein allergy

2 types of protein malnutrition

Marasmus; Kwashiorkor disease

Marasmus

"starvation"; both protein & calorie deficiency

Kwashiorkor Disease

protein deficiency with appropriate caloric intake

Functions of amino acids

tissue repair; immune system support; neurotransmitter support; growth; osmotic balance; pH balance

Fats

should comprise no more than 30% of daily caloric intake

Fatty acids are named based on

number of carbohydrates, degree of saturation & location of the first double bond

Saturated fats

have no double bonds

Saturated fats come from

animal sources

Mono-unsaturated Fats

have one double bond

Poly-unsaturated Fats

have many double bonds

Mono & Poly-unsaturated Fats

come from plant sources

2 groups of essential fatty acids

omega 6 (linoleic acid); omega 3 (linolenic acid)

Results of essential fatty acid deficiency

dermatitis & blood clotting

Trans-fats

the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats

Trans-fats promote

increased cholesterol; fatty liver

Function of fats

energy storage; protect & insulate organs; slow gastric emptying

2 major types of cholesterol

based on the density: HDL (high density lipids) & LDL (low density lipids)

LDL (low density lipids)

bad cholesterol because it transports cholesterol to body cells

HDL (high density lipids)

good cholesterol

Risk of heart disease increases

when good + bad cholesterol are over 5.2mmol/l

Total dietary cholesterol should not exceed

300mg/day

Cholesterol

important in the formation of hormones, vitamin D & bile acids

Vitamin D

is formed in the skin

Factors affecting blood cholesterol

increased trans-fats & saturated fats; decreased fiber & decreased exercise

60% of body weight

is water

An adult requires

2-3 liters of water per day

Fat soluble vitamins include

vitamins: A, D, E and K

Water soluble vitamins

B(s), C, folic acid, pantothemic, biotin

Fat soluble vitamins taken in high dosage

have the potential become toxic because these vitamins are stored

Main anti-oxidant nutrients

vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E and selinium

Function of vitamin C

antibody production, protein metabolism, collagen synthesis/connective tissue, supports liver detox, wound healing, cancer prevention, iron absorption in the GI tract

Scurvy

vitamin C deficiency

Vitamin C toxicity

diarrhea/GI upset, increased uric acid formation, rebound scurvy

Common sources of Vitamin C

fresh fruit especially citrus, kiwi, strawberries, red/orange peppers

RDA of Vitamin C

75mg/day , maximum = 90mg/d

Vitamin E

found in all cell membranes & protects from oxidation

Sources of Vitamin E

nut/seed oils, avacados

Mineral Selenium

acts closely with vitamin E in protecting cell membranes

Beta carotene

the precursor to vitamin A

Vitamin A deficiency

nycotolopia: night blindness

Function of Vitamin A

eyes: retinol: important for vision/light accomodation; epithelial regeneration; immune functions; bone growth/development; anti-cancer functions

Vitamin A is potentially toxic

especially among pregnant women (fetal malformation: 5000IU maximum)

Beta carotene

is not toxic to pregnant women

Sources of Vitamin A

organ meats, butter, eggs

Sources of Beta Carotene

carrots, orange/red vegetables; (water soluble)

Thiamin (B1) deficiency

can result from high alcohol intake

Beri Beri

disease resulting from thiamin deficiency

Symptoms of thiamin deficiency

anorexia; weakness; impaired memory; neuropathy

Sources of thiamin (B1)

legumes, nuts, seeds, grains

Function of thiamin

carbohydrate & energy metabolism of cellular respiration; formation of acetylcholine: neurotransmitter (especially for memory)

Riboflavin (B2) function

a component of the co-enzyme FAD/FADH+H; important for energy metabolism

Niacin (B3)

can be formed from the amino acid tryptophan

Co-enzyme NAD/NADH+H

niacin is a component

Niacin (B3) deficiency

symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3 D's)

3 stored water soluble vitamins

pantothenic, B12, B6

Function of Pyridoxine (B6)

amino acid/protein metabolism; neurotransmitter synthesis (serotonin; epinephrine; histamine); hemoglobin synthesis; glycogenolysis: release of glucose from liver

Vitamin B12

requires intrinsic factor for absorption

Impaired absorption of B12

deficiency results in pernicious anemia

Pernicious anemia

type of macrocytic anemia

Folic acid deficiency

results in macrocytic anemia

Functions of B12

synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA); essential for: red blood cell formation, protecting myelin of nerves; metabolism of fat, protein, carbohydrated; manufacturer of choline: important for memory

Sources of vitamin B12

found in animal or fortified products

Sources of folic acid

found in green leafie vegetables & liver

400mcg/d supplimentation of folic acid

in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in infants

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

a component of co-enzyme A

Function of Pantothenic Acid (B5)

important for the metabolism of cholesterol, steroids, fatty acids

Function of Biotin

metabolism of fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates; maintains healthy skin, hair, nails; related to B12 & folic acid metabolism

Function of choline

part of acetylcholin (memory neurotransmitter); Lipotropic factor: fat metabolism in liver & lipoprotein production; component of nerve tissue/brain

Important nutrients for bone health

calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorous & florides

RDA for calcium

for 19-50 yr olds is 1000mg/day

Functions of Calcium

healthy bones & teeth; vasodilation/vasoconstriction, mm contraction/relaxation; neurotransmitter release; blood clotting

Dairy

a good source of calcium

Ricketts

result from a calcium deficiency and/or vitamin D

Ricketts in adults is called

osteomalacia

Osteoporosis

a condition where calcium is lost from bone faster than it is deposited

Function of phosphorous

component of ADP/ATP; cell membranes; buffering blood pH; cell growth/repair; enzyme regulation (phosphorylation); bones & teeth