Phys Exam 2

What are charge carriers?

K+ leaving the cell

Na+ entering the cell

Resting membrane potential

What ion is most permeable in resting cells?

How is resting membrane potential established?

Is the nervous system involuntary or voluntary?

Is the endocrine system involuntary or voluntary?

Where are neurotransmitter receptors?

What neurotransmitters cause depolarization?

What neurotransmitters cause hyperpolarization?

Where are hormones transported?

Chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secret them

Chemicals released by cells that effect other nearby cells

Secretion into the blood for signaling with cells far away

Secretion into the ext. environment through a duct, usually epithelium

Integration and command center, brain and spinal cord

Sensory input and motor output, links all body to CNS

What neurotransmitter is related to the parasympathetic nervous system?

What neurotransmitter is related to the sympathetic nervous system?

Supporting cells of the nervous system

glia:neuron ratio

Cells that transmit signals in the nervous system

Brain is _% of body weight, but uses __% of O2

Most abundant, helps regulate composition of extracellular fluid (remove K+ and NT), provides nutrients, CNS

Scavengers that phagocytize debris and remodel synapses, CNS

Electrical insulation, have processes that wrap axons in myelin sheaths, CNS

Lines cavities where cilia circulate CSF to cushion and nourish CNS

Surround and form myelin sheaths around axons, PNS

Surround neuron cell body, regulates external chemical environment, PNS

Gaps on axon between myelin sheaths

Part of the cell body that receives input

Where does graded potential occur?

Axon size

What special sense cells regenerate?

Normal hearing range of frequencies

In what part of the ear does sound transmission happen?

How much K+ is in the endolymph in the cochlear duct?

Opens mechanically gated ion channels, activates K+ Ca2+ current leading to depolarization and release of glutamate

Closes mechanically gated ion channels, hyperpolarization, glutamate release inhibited

Where are the short and stiff fibers in the cochlea?

Damage to neural structures at any point from cochlear hair to auditory cortex

Ringing in the ear, some cases damaged hairs keep sending signals to the brain

Blocked sound conduction to fluids of inner ear

Middle ear infection a.k.a…

Membranous sac continuous with cochlear duct

Membranous sac continuous with semicircular canals

The saccule and utricle house linear equilibrium receptors called

Ampulla of each canal house rotational equilibrium receptors called

When do macula hair cells release neurotransmitters?

Does the saccule or utricle detect horizontal movements?

Does the saccule or utricle detect vertical movements?

What does the receptor activate in the special sense smell?

What opens the channels to allow for Na and Ca influx in the special sense smell?

What is exocytosed in the special sense smell?

What 2 factors can enhance or detract from taste?

What special senses use G-coupled proteins?

What G protein do sweet, bitter, and umami use?

What is the visible wavelength range?

The cornea and sclera make up what layer of the eye?

The choroid, ciliary body, and iris make up what layer of the eye?

The retina makes up what layer of the eye?

absorbs light, prevents scattering, phagocytized photoreceptor cell fragments, and recycles vit. A for all photoreceptors

transparent, no BVs, composed of the 3 types of neurons

What are the 3 types of neurons in the inner layer of the retina?

What is the direction of the signlas through the eye neurons?

What portion of the photoreceptors contains rods and cones?

What G protein does the special sense eye use?

cGMP breaks down, channels close, photoreceptors hyperpolarize, = no release of neurotransmitter, bipolar cells depolarize

cGMP increases, channels open, photoreceptors depolarize, = release of neurotransmitter, bipolar cells hyperpolarize

Where is light refracted?

lens flattens, ciliary muscles relax, and suspensory ligaments tense

lens bulges, ciliary muscles contract, and suspensory ligaments relax

nearsighted, eyes too long, focal point in front of retina, needs concave lens

farsighted, eyes too short, focal point behind retina, needs convex lens

What brings the membrane potential back to negative? (repolarizing)

What is the membrane potential threshold for neuron cells?

What is the resting membrane potential for neuron cells?

What is the maximum amplitude for neuron cells?

neurons cant respond to another stimulus when Na+ channels are either open or inactivated

immediately after the absolute refractory period when Na+ channels reactivate, but needs a stronger stimulus

What ion assists in the exocytosis of a neurotransmitter onto the post-synaptic membrane?

What are the 2 ways that the resting action potential gets back to normal?

EPSP

IPSP

1 excitatory signal must yell multiple times louder and louder

multiple excitatory signals yell

What is the hypothalamus hormone’s target?

Stimulates growth hormone

Inhibits growth hormone

Stimulates thryoid stimulating hormone

Stimulates follicle stimulated hormone and luteinizing hormone

Stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone

Inhibits prolactin

What 2 hormones arent tropic in the anterior pituitary gland?

What are the male and female FSH cells?

What are the male and female LH cells?

What cells make androgens in females?

What cells convert androgen to estrogen in females?

What cells make testosterone in males?