ap psychology unit 1.2

an observation technique in which one or more individuals is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

the variable that is measured or tested in an experiment

neither the subjects nor the investigators know who is in the experimental group

a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.

when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it..."I knew it all along"

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

the perception of a relationship where none exists

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

average

the middle score in a distribution

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

A symmetrical, bell-shape that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.

the tendency of observers to not see what is there, but instead to see what they expect or want to see

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study so other researchers can replicate

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

repeat

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

the act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals

statistics that summarize the data collected in a study

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

a study in which the participants are unaware of whether they are in the control group or the experimental group. this is done so participants don't bias the results

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

a measure of the spread, or dispersion, of scores within a sample or population,

They must have a clear and specific purpose.

They must care for and house animals in a humane way.

They must acquire animal subjects legally. Animals must be purchased from accredited companies.

They must design experimental procedures that employ the least amount of suffering feasible.

The purpose of the research, expected duration and procedures.

Follow informed consent rules.

Confidentiality and Privacy.

Participants must be protected from physical and mental harm.

Justice and Integrity