UK Politics + Core Ideologies (Batt)

over £140 million

Australia

Belfast South 24.5%

Fiona Onasanya, Christopher Davies, Margaret Ferrier, Peter Bone

1.86 million signatures

National Pensions Day (2006)

“device of dictators and demagogues”

“too often been the instrument of Nazism and fascism”

Julie Morgan 2008

28,102

£2000 a month from WPI Strategy lobbying firm to run Regulatory Reform Group and pressure Sunak

4

advisory, pre-legislative, post-legislative

they create an effective ‘third chamber’ Vernon Bogdanor

Hirst v UK (2005)

Small Woodlands qualify as Ecological Focus Areas in Scotland

judicial review into govt allowing water companies to use rivers to discharge untreated sewage

over 40%

10%

Fabian society, Adam Smith Institute

Institute of Economic affairs (scrapping rise in corporation tax)

Adam Smith Institute (lifting fracking ban)

Boundaries Commission

0.3%

Salisbury Convention

Harold Macmillan, Benjamin Disraeli

people vote in accordance with their social groups, either due to socialisation or rational choice

a fifth, floating voters

conservatives 2010

john major soapbox 1992

bovine tuberculosis affected farmers, from badgers. NFU had connections with Dept for Environment, food and rural affairs. DEFRA suggested a cull of badgers. many of the public were opposed

56

67

48, 43

only man I ever knew who thinks on economic subjects exactly as I do

anarchists and utopian socialists for not realising how the past informed the present

Capitalism cannot absorb the surplus value it creates so must expand (imperialism, destroying unsold commodities)

Equality of opportunity must have inequality of outcome in order to fund public services through the free market

“The state should prevent the bad rather than create the good”

Kant’s ideas of individual sovereignty, that humans should not be treated as units in a mathematical equation

2015 Lab Willie Bain 39% to SNP Glasgow North East

2010 live TV debate led to 68% approval rating (Cameron 45%, Brown 35%)

Lib Dems went from 23% to 7.9% votes in 2015 due to not opposing tuition fees

37%

66.1% turnout, 36.9% vote share, 24.4% of potential voters

54%

71%

34% are ‘very/fairly strong supporters’ of a political party

50% said most parties and politicians don’t care about people like them

Chris Skidmore

Blackpool South Chris Webb 26.3% swing, 32% turnout, reform UK came 3rd (beaten by Cons by 117 votes)

Hoyle included both Con and Lab amendments to an SNP vote for a Gaza ceasefire, it should be that the Con amendment prevented the Lab amendment. He did this because he felt the convention was based on an out-dated two-party system. Some felt he did it to help Lab avoid internal rows over Gaza

practical knowledge comes from experience, cannot be formulated into rules (history). technical knowledge is the abstract rules taken from practical knowledge (ideology)

politicians pursue “intimations” (hints), the goal is to find the best outcome while causing as little disruption as possible. This makes it more flexible than ideological politics of faith

Women’s suffrage. The social position of women had evolved to the point that there was an incoherence in women not having the right to vote. Politicians saw an “intimation” in this incoherence and pursued it.

civil association is authoritative regardless of whether it is “just”. However, it prioritises the freedom of the individual (like Hobbes). Enterprise association forces the law to comply with ideological principles, individuals are instruments for advancing a collective purpose (economic prosperity, equality)

It goes against the idea that humans should ensure their own survival. The relationship of self-sacrifice produces mutual resentment rather than any form of pleasure

Think rationally about what values will benefit your long-term interests. Ethical egoism argues it is reason, purpose and self-esteem

positive right to something requires the forcing of another to provide that good. Negative rights also help free the people who produce prosperity.

protect individuals from violence and coercion, only consisting of police, armed service and law courts. taxation is theft, but people should voluntarily pay the state in exchange for its services of protection

Capitalism should be viewed as moral as it is the only system compatible with human nature, leaving individuals free to rationally pursue their own self-interest

rights should be “side-constraints”. they should not restrict your goals, but they prevent you from committing actions that violate the rights of others

argued that the anarcho-capitalist idea of the single dominant agency should be furthered so that independents can’t take justice into their own hands as this is dangerous. However, they should be compensated so there is no coercion or force in this process.

evolutionary socialism changes the goal from removal to diminution of exploitation

our “species-essence” is that we have the capacity to consciously use our abilities to produce goods. Work makes us human.

Alienation is when we are separated from our species-essence. we are alienated from the products of our labour (we do not benefit from them), alienated from the process (treated like machines, IR production line), alienated from ourselves (unable to use our unique human capacity), alienated from others (unable to appreciate connections)

A peaceful, more gradual revolution might be possible in advanced capitalist countries like Britain where workers had won representation in Parliament. However, socialist reforms in other countries would fail as politicians would never reform a system that benefited them

Socialism would be “economically, morally, and intellectually, still stamped with the birthmarks of the old society from whose womb it emerges”. Individual producer should receive back from society, after deductions, exactly what they give to it.

it recognises no class differences because everyone is only a worker like everyone else. However, people are born with unequal individual endowments (gifts), leading to those who are born with these gifts becoming richer than others

23

Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act (2022)

Policies, Leader’s image, party image, party unity/division, media coverage, events, voter loyalty, FPTP/voter concentration

There is no absolute truth or moral standards. The only common thing is a primal fear of death and therefore the right to preserve our own life. Things are deemed good or bad based on how they impact our prosperity and self-preservation. There are no altruistic actions.

Strong state and firm enforcement of law to stop people taking justice and self-preservation into their own hands and to provide an objective right and wrong. Freedom comes after/from safety

encourage peace and security. Deserving poor should be provided for by laws as state can be more objective than individuals. Wealthy should pay more in taxes but not so much to undermine incentive to work

13.5%, 12.5%

Sex education reform limiting discussion of gender identity and preventing “explicit discussion of sexual activity” before age 13

Cited the Laffer curve theory which suggested that higher tax rates encourage tax evasion, leading to fewer taxes being collected

communitarian

puts people in poverty traps where they receive more in benefits than they might earn. State should provide positive welfare by investing in people through education and work experience. If they refuse help without a valid reason, their benefits should be stopped.

UK must be globally competitive, high taxes and regulation discourages companies from working here

post-materialist society, class based focus on wages and working conditions replaced by quality of life issues. New individualism means fight for social justice is less about material economy and more about human rights and pursuing individual lifestyles