Parts of the Brain

• controls basic functioning (evolutionarily the oldest part, so most living creatures have it)

• made up of

  • medulla

  • pons (+ reticular formation)

controls heartbeat, lungs, digestion

bridges brain and spinal cord

bridges 2 hemispheres of cerebellum

helps with coordination/symmetry

a region in the pons

controls alertness

is a neural network

responsible for sleep/wake cycles

works w/melatonin and circadian rhythm

balance, coordination, movement

plays role in:

• classical conditioning memory

• procedural memory

structure in the midbrain

• like a router, sorts and sends data

• first place where all the senses are processed EXCEPT for smell

• then relays to rest of the brain

• links brain stem and cortex

“the emotional center”

composed of:

• hippocampus

• amygdala

• hypothalamus

in the limbic system

• processes everyday new memories

brain region in limbic system

threat detection

processes negative emotions (anger, fear, etc.)

in the limbic system

• homeostasis (circadian rhythm, hunger)

• 5 Fs: Freeze, flight, fight, feed, fuck

• works with the pituitary gland

a subcortical structure

helps with motor control (works with acetylcholine)

if damaged, causes shaking

brain region part of the reward system

lights up when pleasurable activity

the outermost layer of brain

like 85% of brain

where you process all the senses (thalamus reroutes stimuli to here)

lots of wrinkles = more surface area

composed of 4 lobes

one of the four lobes

• contains

  • pre-frontal cortex

  • motor cortex

  • Broca’s area

in frontal lobe

= voluntary movement

in frontal lobe

= executive functioning (prospective thinking. helps understand cause and effect, multiple directions)

• abstract reasoning

• decision-making/judgement

• personality

in frontal lobe (LEFT)

= language production

• helps to make sense of language, make coherent sentences

• writing and speaking

if damaged: can only say one or two words (but others can understand what you mean)

one of the four lobes

= touch

in parietal lobe

= processes touch (pain, pressure, and temp)

= proprioception (where you are in space)

= map that shows proportions of somatosensory cortex

• the more space, the more sensitive

  • ex. big face = more nerves in the face that connect to somatosensory cortex

one of the four lobes

= vision

in occipital lobe

= color, object recognition

optical nerve runs all the way from eye to this cortex

one of the four lobes

= near temples

= hearing

in temporal lobe

= processes hearing

an association area in the left temporal lobe

= language understanding (need language production first)

if damaged: incoherent gibberish, but fluent

in temporal lobe

= facial recognition

an area thats not committed to sensory/motor function areas

= scattered all over the cerebral cortex, but near primary input locations

• links sensory input with stored memories

• INTEGRATION of new info with old info

• learning, memory, thinking, speaking

• working memory needs association area

= “right and left hemisphere of cortex have slightly different jobs”

these two did autopsy to to discover language areas (1870s)

researcher who used electrode stimulation to design the homonculus

researcher who cut the corpus callosum of cats

won noble prize

band of fibers that connects right and left hemispheres of the cortex

just like how pons is bridge for cerebellum, __ ___ is bridge for hemispheres

does left and right-brainedness exist?

where is language mainly processed?

hemisphere that does sequential processing (step-by-step)

• language functioning (speaking, writing, reading)

• analytical (math)

hemisphere that does holistic processing (big-picture)

• art/music/facial recognition

• irony/sarcasm

• spatial reasoning (rotating object in head)

If corpus callosum is cut and you see triangle in left vision,

If corpus callosum is cut and you see circle in right vision,