mod civ 4

German Confederation

Association of German states established at the Congress of Vienna that replaced the Holy Roman Empire and allied independent German states.

Otto von Bismarck

the politician most instrumental in the unification of Germany

Chancellor

The highest ranking position that Otto von Bismark was appointed

Realpolitik

Bismark skillfully acted upon realistic politics that benefited the states

Franco-Prussian War

sparked by Bismark after releasing a doctored telegram insulting Napoleon II

Second Reich

the German became known as this after the victory over France

Kaiser Wilhelm II

The new leader of Germans in World War 1

Reichstag ( upper house ) Bundesrat ( lower house )

Bismark and Wilhelm established a two house legislature called

Industrialization

One of the effects of unification allowing Germany to become a military economic power

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church

How Bismark ended up fighting socialism

Adopting social welfare programs

after the death of Wilhelm I..

Wilhelm II became kaiser and asked Bismark to resign

Guiseppe Mazzini

A Nationalist leader that founded Young Italy to work for the unified Italian republic to help trade and industry

Kingdom of Sardinia

the new center for the Italian Movement

Victor Emmanuel

A monarch who wanted more power by taking Italian states

Count Camillo Cavour

Prime minister of Sardinia who made war with Austria to take northern Italian states.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Worked with Cavour in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies to create an Italian republic and raised an army of 1,000 red shirts

anarchists

violently sabotaged the constitutional monarchy of the new Italian state.

Ethiopia

where government worked to expand the empire into in northern africa

Emigration

used by many Italians as an escape from difficulties faced in italy

Prince von Metternich

politician who tried to suppress liberal ideas and banned the word constitution

Franz Joseph

became emperor of Austria and ruled until WWI

Ferenc Deak

moderate Hungarian leader, helped work out the Dual of Monarchy of Austria Hungary

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Austria and Hungary are combined under Francis Joseph I

Ottoman Empire

multinational empire, stretching from Eastern Europe to North Africa and Middle East

in the Balkans

Serbia and Greece won autonomy and others staged revolts against ottoman rule

Western Europeans viewed the Balkan region as..

a powder keg that set off WWI

Peter the Great

expanded the naval power of Russia by conquering the Baltic and black seas.

Catherine the Great

ruled as an enlightened despot

Serfs

name for the majority of Russians bc they were laborers for wealthy

tsar

what Russian autocrats were called meaning caesar or emperor in Russian

Zemstovs

an land committees set up by Alexander II

Pogroms

violent government-sanctioned attackes against Russian Jewish

Nicholas II

the leader Russia began to industrialize under in 1890

Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Bloody Sunday

peaceful march by russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds

October Manifesto

Issued by Nicholas II and granted full civil rights to people and opened up the Duma

Duma

Russian national legislature

Peter Stolypin

appointed prime minister by Nicholas II to implement necessary reforms

Rotten boroughs

rural town in England that sent members to Parliament despite having few or no voters

Reform Act of 1832

An Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of the United Kingdom

electorate

body of people allowed to vote

secret ballot

votes cast without announcing them publicly

Queen Victoria

ruler of britain empire for 64 years and emodied social values of the age

Benjamin Disraeli

forged the Tories into the modern Conservative Party

William Gladstone and Disraeli

alternated as prime minister in 1868

Parliamentary Democracy

a form of government in which the executive leaders are chosen by and responsible to the legislature

free trade

trade between countries without restrictions

Abolitionist Movement

Movement to end slavery in 1807

capital offense

crime punishable by death

penal colonies

settlements for convicts

Emmeline Pankhurst

British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union.

absentee landlord

one who owns a large estate but does not live there

Homerule

self-government

Napolean III

ruled Frances Second Empire

Suez Canal

a canal linking the mediterranean with the red sea and the indian ocean

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

provisional

a government Republicans in Paris formed to end war and minimize losses

Third Republic

the two house legislature republic that was established in France after the downfall of Napoleon III and remained for 70 years

premier

held the most power in thenew government that consisted of a two-house legislature which elected the president

coalition

alliences among various parties to form majorities capable of governing

Alfred Dreyfus

a Jewish army officer involved in a scandal accused of being a German spy

libel

a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation.

Zionism

a movement devoted to rebuilding a Jewish state in Palestine