does not include steps of extrinsic/intrinsic pathway or hemostasis
blood
a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix (plasma); always red; typically 60/40 blood plasma to RBC
leukocytes
another name for white blood cells; contain nucleus and organelles, but no hemoglobin; can be granular and agranular
platelets
another name for thrombocytes; used to clot blood; only survive for 5-9 days
functions of blood
transport: oxygen, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products
regulates: homeostasis of all body fluids, pH, body temperature, and water content of cells
protects: against excessive loss by clotting, uses WBC to protect against infections
water
blood is 91.5% this; the liquid portion of blood that functions as a solvent and suspending medium; absorbs transports and releases heat
albumin
smallest and most numerous plasma protein; helps to maintain osmotic pressure
globulins
large proteins (plasmocytes produce immunoglobulins) in the plasma; immunoglobulins help attack viruses and bacteria; alpha and beta ___ transport iron lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
fibrinogen
large protein in the plasma that plays essential role in blood clotting
electrolytes
inorganic salts such as cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (Cl-, HPO42-, SO42-, HCO3); help to maintain osmotic pressure and play essential roles in cell functions
hematopoiesis
aka hemopoiesis; name for blood cell production; process where pluripotent stem cells differentiate into each of the different types of blood cells
erythropoiesis
name for RBC production; takes place in red bone marrow
reticulocyte
the name of an immature red blood cell in middle step in RBC production where the nucleus is ejected; enter circulation and mature in 1-2 days
lymphoid stem cell
type of stem cell that gives rise to lymphocytes
myeloid stem cell
type of stem cell that creates RBC, platelets, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes
hemoglobin
protein in blood that is used to carry oxygen to all cells and to carry some carbon dioxide to lungs; each contains iron ion allowing for the binding of 4 oxygen molecules; involved in regulating blood flow and pressure via release of NO
bioconcave discs
the shape of RBC and other cells that have no nucleus or other organelles; allows them to carry oxygen more efficiently
fully saturated
term used when an oxygen is carrying 4 oxygen
nitric oxide
hormone that causes vasodilation, improving blood flow and enhancing oxygen delivery;
carbonic anhydrase
catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid (helps the transport of CO2)
120 days
lifespan of a RBC
spleen & liver
organs that remove dead RBC from circulation; recycle and reuse breakdown products from RBC
erythropoietin
hormone released by kidneys in response to hypoxia (low oxygen concentration) stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells
granular
type of leukocytes that contain vesicles that appear when cells are stained; neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
agranular
type of leukocytes that contains no granules; lymphocytes and monocytes
emigration (diapedesis)
the process of white blood cells leaving the bloodstream and collecting at sites of invasion during an invasion (inflammatory response)
neutrophils
most common type of granular leukocyte that is polymorphonucleated (60-70%); high count may indicate bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation; 1st to attack bacteria and do phagocytosis
eosinophils
type of granular leukocyte that is bilobed; 2-4%; redish stain; combats histamines (allergies); destroy parasite worms; high count allergic reactions, stress, drug toxicity
basophils
type of granular leukocyte that is bilobed and has a dark stain; 0.5-1%; decrease inflammation; high count indicates allergic reactions, leukemia, cancers, and hypothyroidism
lymphocytes
type of agranular leukocyte that has a large nucleus and sliver of cytoplasm; 20-25%; does immune responses (B cells, T cells, Nk Cells); high count may indicate viral infections, leukemia, mononucleosis
monocytes
type of agranular leukocyte that has a horseshoe/kidney-shaped nucleus, blue-gray cytoplasm; mainly does phagocytosis; high count may indicate viral & fungal infections, tuberculosis, leukemias, other chronic diseases
megakaryocytes
cells in red bone marrow that splinter in 200-300 fragments to create platelets
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy
procedure in which blood is drawn and centrifuged to sperate blood into parts; platelet-rich blood is injected back into patient at injury site to promote tissue regeneration
hemostasis
process to stop bleeding; involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting (coagulation)
vascular spasm
step in hemostasis where there is a contraction of the wall of a BV in order to reduce amount of blood loss; builds up pressure; due to damage to BV wall
platelet plug formation
step in hemostasis where the attempt is to plug hole w/ platelets; allows for reorganization of tissue (dermis: cross-hatch pattern); involves platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, platelet aggregation
scars
these occur because a cross-hatch pattern does not form in the dermis when attempt to create a platelet plug; often the cells are moving too fast to fix properly
coagulation
term for blood clotting; step in hemostasis that consists of fibrin
extrinsic pathway
fast (pathway) process of clot formation; done at the tissue level (outside the BV); lead to common pathway
intrinsic pathway
slower (pathway) process of clot formation; done at the blood level (form inside BV); leads to common pathway
liver
the organ that most clotting (coagulation) factors/proteins come from
Vitamin K
vitamin that is needed for normal clot formation because it is used in the synthesis of 4 clotting factors
plasmin
AKA fibrinolysin; an enzyme that is part of the fibrinolytic system that breaks down clots (even small unwanted clots)
A
a blood type that contains the A antigen and Anti-B antibody
B
a blood type that contains B antigen and Anti A antibody
AB
a blood type that contains BOTH A & B antigens NEITHER anti A or anti-B antibodies
O
a type of blood that contains NEITHER A or B antigens and BOTH anti A & anti B antibodies
90%
percent of the population that is Rh+
agglutination
the reaction where a serum creates clumps in ones blood when they have that type/attribute of blood
hemolytic disease of newborn
if the baby is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, she will develop antibodies to Rh factor; during 2nd pregnancy, will transfer antibodies to the fetus and attack the fetus’ red blood cells causing agglutination and hemolysis
anemia
a condition where the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to a decreased number of RBCs or decreased of hemoglobin
pernicious anemia
anemia where stomach doesn’t make enough intrinsic factor so unable to absorb vitamin B12
hemophilia
inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or after minor trauma
leukemia
a group of red bone marrow cancers in which abnormal white blood cells multiply uncontrollably