Microbiology- Exam 2

By law, certain _________ diseases must be recorded with the public health authorities in order to maintain proper surveillance at the local, state, national, and international levels.

The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the _______ rate.

Resident biota are found in/on the ________.

Long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs resulting from a specific disease are called _______.

The effect of "good" microbes against invading microbes is called _______.

The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is _______.

Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called _______.

A _______ is an infection indigenous to animals that can, on occasion, be transmitted to humans.

Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a _______.

The primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the _______.

Infection occurs when _______.

The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the _______.

The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the _______ rate.

An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called _______.

_______ are toxins that are the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time compared with the healthy population is the ________.

Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?

Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of _______.

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _______.

The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the _______.

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?

Inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial molecules are considered innate because ________.

Components of the first line of defense include all the following except ________.

Plasma cells ________.

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense?

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.

A person will typically experience the sensation of _______ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis.

Fever is initiated when a substance in circulation, called a(n) _________, acts on the hypothalamus causing it to reset body temperature to a higher setting.

The term ______ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ________.

Choose the statement that best describes the characteristics of lymph.

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?

The human microbiome is considered an important component of the first line of defense. Which statement adequately reflects its role as a defensive barrier?

Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?

Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all ________.

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for ________.

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes?

Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ________.

An example of artificial active immunity would be ________.

Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity?

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?

The benefit of adaptive immunity is the production of _______ that provide long-lasting protection.

The major histocompatibility complex is ________.

Adaptive immunity involves the response of ________.

Choose the statement that describes the method of Tc cell-mediated killing of a target cell.

Choose the statement that best describes the primary action of B cells.

The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________.

An example of natural active immunity would be ________.

Helper T cells ________.

The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called ________.

Plasma cells ________.

Superantigens are ________.