Amendment Sixteen
1913 – Congress can establish income tax
Amendment Seventeen
1913 – Direct election of Senators by constituents not state legislators
Amendment Eighteen
1919 – Prohibition of alcohol
Amendment Nineteen
1920 – Women receive the right to vote
American Federation of Labor
Labor union made up of skilled laborers. Also used strikes, boycotts, etc. to gain improvements in factories such as the 8-hour work day.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
owner of steamship and railroad lines. Controlled a huge majority in them to become one of the first “captains of industry.”
Andrew Carnegie
owner of a big portion of the steel industry. Used the method of vertical integration to gain control of the industry. Also was known for encouraging philanthropy
John D. Rockerfeller
owner of the oil refining industry. Held a monopoly/trust by using horizontal integration
John Pierpont Morgan
major investment banker. Sought to eliminate competition in various industries by using mergers, becomes wealthy through merging companies together (monopolies)
Alexander Graham Bell
inventor. Best known for invention of telephone that allowed communication over long distances
Thomas Alva Edison
inventor. Created thousands of inventions that transformed American life and culture. Best known for lightbulb, phonograph and moving picture
Civil Service Commission
independent government group that was created to eliminate the spoils system. Kind of worked.
Federal Reserve Act
1913- Established the Federal Reserve Banks, oversee currency, etc. to create a more stable financial system
Homestead Act
1862- government act that gives settlers 160 acres of free land in the western territories if they live there and improve the land within 5 years. Brought many people to settle the west/frontier
Homestead Strike
Strike against Carnegie’s steel industry because of wage cuts. Became violent but was eventually ended wit little improvement to the factory
Imperialism
the idea that a country will gain colonies and therefore gain world power. Practice of this was adopted by many European nations, and the US
Interstate Commerce Act
legislative act designed to regulate the railroad industry and their rates
Knights of Labor
first labor union made up on (eventually) unskilled laborers. Used strikes, boycotts, etc. to gain better wages and safety measures. Discredited by anarchists
Muckrakers
reform journalists who brought issues within society to light that needed altering or improving, motivated by what they see is wrong and presenting it to people through photography, political cartoons, etc.
Open Door Policy
american foreign economic policy in China. The US would trade with all spheres of influence and would not have a sphere themselves. Allowed for missionaries to come to China, even though it failed economically
Plessy vs Ferguson
1896- Supreme Court decided seperate but equal was fine, allowing for the maintenance of Jim Crow laws in the South
Populist Party
political party centered on the desires/needs of the American farmer. Wanted the use of silver to back currency. Did not last long as a viable party
Pullman Strike
strike against Pullman’s Palace Car Company. Was able to shut down the railroads for a time, but was eventually suppressed by national troops
Roosevelt Corollary
1904- an addendum to the Monroe Doctrine that stated the US has the right to police issues in Latin America. Led to the increased use of American military force in those nations. Referred to as the “Big Stick” policy
Sherman Antitrust Act
legislative act that sought to lessen the power of trusts/monopolies. Made monopolies illegal
Socialism
political ideology that advocates collective or government control of the means of production. Became popular around the globe at the turn of the century
Spanish American War
1898- short war for Cuba’s freedom from Spanish rule. America gains Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines through the Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Kanagawa
trading treaty between Japan and US. Is the formal declaration of the opening of Japan.
Transcontinental railroad
1869- the railroad system that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. Created a fast means of travel between the east and west- good for shipping resources and people
Wounded Knee Massacre
last main event of the Indian Wars- 1890- Sioux are slaughtered after surrendering
yellow journalism
the exaggeration of news in order to sell papers. Was used by the NY Journal and NY World and led to the Spanish American War, motivated by paper sales
Pure Food and Drug Act
Under Teddy Roosevelt- prevented interstate transport of illegal food and drugs and must meet safety requirements
National Park Service
under Teddy Roosevelt- sought to conserve parks and nature
the Panama Canal signifies…
Cuba’s independence
Great White Fleet
large ship that sailed around the world to display naval power
William Taft
bust the most monopolies, introduced Dollar Dipolmacy, replaced TR for while he was in war and angered him
Dollar diplomacy
use money to impact/protect foreign affairs that US agrees with
Underwood Tariff
under Woodrow Wilson, cuts the existing rate of tariffs to increase trade)
Federal Reserve Act
under WW, established the central bank of US
Clayton Antitrust Act
addressed monopolies and protected labor unions, under Wilson
Direct primaries
elections to narrow the candidate pool
initiative
petitions from the public to bring legislation up for consideration
referendum
direct election of a piece of legislation
recall
can vote people out of office
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
under Wilson, banned the sale of any product from any company that employed children under 14 or under 16 in mines. Also shortened the working hours to 8 hours
Moral Diplomacy
under Wilson, lent support to democratic countries with intention of rewarding countries while inhibiting others
National Quota Law
set a number limit of immmigrants from specific places based on the 1910 census numbers
Secret Service
first began to avoid and catch counterfeiting, however, their primary job switched to protecting the president after McKinley’s assassination
Square Deal
under Roosevelt, right and fair treatment for all
Causes for industrial growth
access to raw materials and energy (west-mining),
availability of workforce (immigrants seeking work, demand went up)
inventions
financial resources (inventions ultimately create more money made, which makes more money)
Vertical integration
the idea within a company that there are different parts of the process and every level of production is controlled by Carnegie
horizontal integration
you own all of one level of production (Rockefeller owned refineries)
Chinese Exclusion Act
chinese couldn’t immigrate to US
Growth of cities leads to..
location specific industries, overcrowding tenements, Brooklyn Bridge
triangle shirtwaist factory fire
led to innovations in fire safety such as fire drills, mandatory sprinkler systems, building code reforms and more power to the commissionary
For middle class, they had more or less leisure time..
more
countries purchased by US
Alaska, Phillippines
countries won in spanish american war
guam, phillippines, Peurto rico
countries US annexed
Wake Island, midway island, hawaii, American Somoa
Dawes Act of 1887
“civilized” Indians, transform Native Americans into farmers, used assimilation like taking children to boarding schools and giving them American names
Comstock Lode
silver vein in mountin in Nevada which was later used for wealth or industrialization
Mining in the west included…
destruction of environment (led to National Parks)
vigilante justices
boom towns (ghost towns turned busy at a strike then a ghost town again after it was over)
the creation of the transcontinental railroad led to what invention?
creation of time zones instead of sun time
Cattle drive was destroyed by what?
barbed wire
sodbusting
breaking sod to get to fertile ground to create a house
Oklahoma Land Rush in 1889
Government advertised, first come first serve basis with no requirements like Homestead Act- led to the destruction of land and the Dust Bowl
economic problems farmers faced were…
railroad crisis and inflation
USS Maine
sinks, initially blames Spain for blowing it up, but later they were found innocent, no one knows quite what happened
which military team did Roosevelt join?
Rough Righters
how did roads change in cities as new cities were built to the west of NY
they grew wider
Give 2 geographic areas where immigrants came from to the US in the last had of the 1800s
Scandinavian and Russian territories
Which reconstruction plan for readmission to the US was the most lenient to the Confederates
Lincoln’s 10%
Which states create the most trouble in the election of 1876
FL, SC, LA
Which reconstruction amendment defined the pathways to citizenship
14
What was the name given to Northerners who came down to the South to make money
carpet baggers