Unit 1: Psychology Flashcards

The first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection

The doctrine that what makes something a thought, desire, pain (or any other type of mental state) depends not on its internal constitution, but solely on its function, or the role it plays, in the cognitive system of which it is a part.

Focuses on each individual's potential and stresses the importance of growth and self-actualization.

Psychological specialty focused on the physical and chemical changes that cause, and occur in response to, behavior and mental processes.

Study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

A branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind - that includes such mental processes as perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, etc.

Participants must be told and give their consent to the: purpose of research, procedures that will be used, risks or potential discomforts, and length of time involved

If the participants are deceived in any way about the nature of the study, the deception must not be so extreme as to invalidate the informed consent

Participants must know that they are involved in research and give their consent

All psychologists have the ethical obligation to ensure that their participants are safe from psychological and physiological harm.

In-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community.

Advantage: Emphasize in-depth content. The researcher is able to delve deep and use a variety of data sources to get a complete picture.

Disadvantage: The uniqueness of the data usually means that it is not able to be replicated.

Data collection instruments designed to assess a population's attitudes, belief, and or opinions about particular topics.

Advantage: Having a large population and therefore a greater statistical power, the ability to gather large amounts of information and having the availability of validated models.

Disadvantage: They rely on self-reported data, which can be affected by various sources of bias, such as social desirability, recall, or response styles.

A research method in which the researcher studies behavior in its natural setting without intervention or manipulation

Advantage: Allows the investigators to directly observe the subject in a natural setting

Disadvantage: Lack of scientific control, ethical considerations, and potential for bias from observers and subjects.

When you think you knew something all along after the outcome has occurred.

The tendency to be more confident than correct and to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements.

The tendency of individuals to support or search for information that aligns with their opinions and ignore information that doesn't

The obligation of psychologists to protect clients from unauthorized disclosure of information revealed in the context of the professional relationship.

The group receiving or reacting to the independent variable in an experiment

The group that does not receive the independent variable in an experiment.

The variable manipulated by the experimenter

The variable that is affected by the dependant variable

Every participant having an equal chance of being in either the experimental group or the control group.

A method of selecting a sample from a population

The subjects do not know, but the researcher is aware as to which group everyone is in

The subject nor the researcher is aware as to which group anyone is in

A variable, other than the independent variable, that could influence the dependent variable

Average of all the scores in the distribution

The middle value in a data set

The most often occurring number in a data set

The gap between the lowest and highest scores.

A statistical measure of the amount of dispersion in a set of scores

The analysis of a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make inferences about the population

The probability of the null hypothesis being true is 1 in 20, or 5%

Causation!

Perception of a relationship where none actually exists

A measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y, giving a value between +1 and −1 inclusive, where 1 is total positive correlation, 0 is no correlation, and −1 is total negative correlation.

A graphed cluster of dots, each representing the values of two variables.

Cause and Effect!

The strength of the correlation of a scatter plot

First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology

Set up first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879; known for training subjects in introspection and for his theory of structuralism

Published The Principles of Psychology, the science's first textbook; responsible for theory of functionalism

Studied with William James and went on to become president of the American Psychological Association

Student of William James who pioneered he study of child development and was the first president of the APA

Theory that states that the whole experience is often more than just the sum of the parts, because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences; relatively little influence on current psychology

Gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures

Gestalt psychologist who studied insight learning, an overlooked form of learning marked by sudden "Aha!" experiences

17th century French philosopher who asserted that human sensations and behaviors are based on activity in the nervous system

Ancient Greek philosopher who developed theories of sensation, perception, cognition, memory, problem solving, and ethics

Ancient Greek philosopher who studied areas like cognition; was first philosopher credited with the study of gaining knowledge

Came up with a cognitive developmental theory, which focuses on how our cognitions develop in stages as we mature

Behaviorist who expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement- environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses

Psychologist who believed the science must limit itself to observable phenomena; wanted to establish behaviorism as the dominant paradigm of psychology

Theory that states psychologists should look at only behavior and causes of behavior, and not concern themselves with describing elements of consciousness; dominant school of thought in psychology from the 1920s through the 1960s

Revolutionized psychology with his psychoanalytic theory; believed the unconscious mind must be examined through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques; criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories

Theory that states a part of our mind over which we do not have conscious control determines, in part, how we think and behave

First began in laboratory set up by Wilhelm Wundt; process of reporting on one's own conscious mental experiences

English scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in 'On The Origin of the Species" in 1859.

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendent of women nurses for the Union forces.

Discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell. he pioneered the study of learning.

Leader of humanistic psychology rejected Freud's pessimistic view of human nature. Instead, offered the optimistic view that people are innately good, and, thus, "positivie, forwar-moving, constructive, realistic, and trustworthy". Argued that self-concept is the cornerstone of a person's peronality. People whose self-concept matches their life experiences usually have high self-esteem and better mental health. Influenced by Abraham Maslow, believed that people are motivated to achieve their full potential or self-actualize.

Deliberately designed procedures used to test research hypotheses

Advantage: Experiments can be replicated and their reliability can be tested

Disadvantage: Extraneous variables cannot always be controlled, human responses can be difficult to measure, and participants may also cause bias.

The statistical relationship between two variables

Advantage: Provide evidence for a potential causal relationship between two variables

Disadvantage: They cannot establish causal relationships nor direction of causal influence, there is no control of the variables, they don't explain behavior, and they could result in illusory correlations.