Chapter 10 - Cell Communication and Signaling 

Endocrine

________ signaling occurs when ligands traverse a considerable distance between sending and receiving cells.

Autocrine

________ signaling occurs when a cell secretes a ligand.

cholera toxin

The ________, for example, attaches to G- protein- coupled receptors in the cell membrane, causing disturbances in a cell signaling cascade that can result in life- threatening dehydration.

Biological systems

________ communicate with one another, share information about their surroundings, and respond to that information.

Disruptions

________ in signal transduction pathways can have far- reaching consequences for cells.

Hormones

________ are long- distance traveling ligands.

G protein

________- coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases are examples of receptors.

insensitivity syndrome

Androgen ________ (AIS), in which the testosterone receptor is nonfunctional in gonadal tissue (leading it not to produce gonads), is one example of a condition induced by mutations in receptor proteins.

chemical message

A(n) ________ or ligand is used to initiate signal transduction.

Feedback mechanisms

________ are vital to living organisms because they allow them to adapt to changes in their surroundings while maintaining the internal environment of the cell.

cancer cell

A(n) ________, for example, creates its own growth hormones (the ligands) that drive the ________ to expand and divide.

Signal transduction

________ is required for important activities such as gene expression, cell growth and division, and hormone release.

Negative feedback

________ restores a system to its initial state and aids in the maintenance of homeostasis (the maintenance of a stable state)

Ligands

________ interact with specific target cells, which respond to the ________ presence.

sugar levels

If blood ________ go too low, the pancreas secretes the ligand (hormone) glucagon, which encourages liver cells to break down glycogen into glucose, resulting in the release of glucose.

Signal transduction

________ governs how a cell responds internally to an external signal.