APUSH Period 4 (1800-1848)

VP Jefferson (democratic republican) defeated President John Adams (federalist), ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership

Eliminated a Supreme Court seat and relieved justices of circuit court responsibilities

58 judges appointed to the Federal Circuit courts and the newly-created D.C. courts by Adams on the night of his last day in officce

Established judicial review

gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is constitutional or not

third party, anti-Madison part of the Democratic-Republican party

Land deal between the U.S. and France, where the U.S. acquired alotta land west of the Mississippi River

Adventures led by Lewis and Clark who were sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory to find a route to the Pacific

Expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories in the U.S., strengthened the U.S. claim to areas (now Oregon and Washington)

Many renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships. U.S. paid the Barbary states but then Jefferson stopped paying and then war. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.

Forcing men to enlist in military service. Used by England in order to grow the size of the Royal Navy, kidnapped Americans to serve.

Thomas Jefferson- prohibited American ships fro, trading with foreign countries

replaced the Embargo Act in 1809, reopening trade with all nations except Britain and France

Intended to motivate Great Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. Lifted all embargoes with Britain and France for 3 months.

Members of Congress who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812

Governor William Henry Harrison led troops against a confederacy of all Indian tribes west of the Mississippi

Military conflict between US and Great Britain, sparked by British interference with American trade and impressment of American soldiers by the British Navy.

War of 1812, American forces led by General Andrew Jackson defeated British forces.

Peace treaty that ended War of 1812, Britain agreed to relinquish claims to the Northwest Territory, and both pledged to work towards ending the slave trade.

Gathering of New England Federalists where they secretly debated and rejected secession. Instead, they drafted constitutional amendments strengthening state controls over commerce and militias.

Regional war between opposing Creek factions, European empires, and the US that largely took place in Alabama and along the Gulf Coast.

Drastically reduced the tensions between the US and Britain, leading to flourishing economies on both ends.

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

Tariff to protect and promote American industry, National bank to foster commerce, federal subsidies for roads, canals and other internal improvements to develop profitable markets for agriculture.

Characterized by a decline in partisan conflicts because Federalist Party was losing influence. Economic growth, territorial expansion, and a sense of American nationalism.

Oversaw smaller banks and issued bank notes, collected taxes, operate the US’s bank, served as a commercial bank. Carried goal to provide a stable national economy.

Exacerbated by the failure of several banks, which contributed to a lack of confidence in the financial system and a credit crunch.

Federal law that eliminated the purchase of public land in the US on credit

Prohibited further introduction of slavery and allowed emancipation for all slave children born in Missouri at age 25

Slaves- life of incessant toil, brutal punishment, and the constant fear that their families would be destroyed by sale. But they were good for the economy

Agreed that Missouri would be admitted as a slave state but Maine as a free state to keep the balance between the North and the South.

Came after the Whig party, fueled by the fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish immigrants

Nativists, basically official name of know-nothing party

Famine when the main crop (potatoes) in Ireland was destroyed by disease

New York political organization, drew support from immigrants who relied on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services. Asked for their votes on election day in return.

Federal government had the right to set up a Federal bank and states could not tax the Federal Government

Court reaffirmed its right to review all state court judgments in cases arising under the federal Constitution or a law of the United States.

Reinforced the “commerce clause” (federal government’s right to regulate interstate commerce)

Ruled that a grant to a private land company was a contract within the meaning of the Contract Clause and one made couldn’t be repealed

Supreme Court case in which the majority ruled that private contracts are sacred and cannot be modified by the state legislatures

Refers to the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms

Pact signed by Britain and the U.S. that allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

Between Spain and America where Spain ceded all of Florida to the US and gave up its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest in exchange for Texas.

Policy by President James Monroe indicating that further colonization by Europe in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a hostile act

Treaty between Russia and US that set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America

House elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson because Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House convinced Congress to elect Adams who then made Clay his Secretary of State

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminoe, considered civilized by Anglo-European settlers because they adopted many of the colonists’ customs.

Political tactic of employing and promoting civil servants who are the supporters and friends of the group in power to office

Tax on imports that inflates prices while protecting American jobs.

Declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the South Carolina and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties.

Originally colonists supporting independence. In the mid 1830s they opposed Jackson’s strong-armed leadership style and policies, promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

Proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the Tariff of 1816

Authorized by Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

Removed all Native Americans east of the Mississippi to an “indian territory”

Ruled that the Cherokee tribe did not possess original jurisdiction, Native Americans as domestic dependent nations and not sovereign nations

Established tribal sovereignty in the US, stdating that laws passed by US states do not apply within Native American tribal territories.

Forced relocation of Native Americans that occured in the late 1830s as part of the US government policy of Native American removal.

Political battle between Jackson, Clay, and Nicolas Biddle over the renewal of the US Bank. Jackson vetoed the recharter, put funds in pet banks.

Opposed Freemasonry, believing that it was a corrupt and elitist secret society that was ruling much of the country in defiance of republican principles, founded as a single issue party

Used by Jackson’s opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the second National Bank.

Issued by Jackson in 1836, meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper gold or silver (specie) backing it.

The start of an economic downturn in the US that lasted several years and led to high unemployment

A mission in San Antonio, Texas, that was the site of a famous battle during the Texas Revolution in 1836 where Texan defenders were overrun by Mexican forces.

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican Forces in 1836.

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers invented by Eli Whitney, allowed cotton to become the dominant cash crop in the South.

Term used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry and that the North needed the South’s cotton.

Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities and replace other identical pieces. Allowed relatively unskilled workers to produce large numbers of weapons quickly and made repair easier and cheaper.

Textile factory system that employed mainly young women from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity, and profits.

Organization association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

Business owned by many peopole

The first judgement in the US that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal, and decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members.

Cyrus McCormick developed the mechanical reaper in 1831, making farming more efficient and also allowed for corporate farming.

Canal between New York cities Albany and Buffalo. Spurred the first great westward movement of American settlers, gave access to the rich land and resources west of the Appalachians.

First major improved highway in the US to be built by the federal government.

Period in antebellum America that encompassed the industrial and transportation revolutions. Changed from subsistence farming to large scale cashing farming, regional specialization, immigration, western movement, and growth of cities.

Series of religious revivals starting 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects, attracted women, Black people, and Native Americans.

Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topic ranging from science to moral philosophy.

Established in 1826 to combat the drinking problems of men, mostly women.

Philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1830s and 1840s in which each person has direct communication with God and nature and there is no need for organized churches.

Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families. Made whites fear of more rebellion, making restrictions on slavery tighter.

Laws passed by south to keep slaves from running away or rebelling.

Founded in 1817 to transport black people back to Africa. Most Blacks didn’t want to do so as they were partially Americanized and almost all slaves were native born African-Americans at the time.

A West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves

First Anti-slavery newspaper created by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston.

Written by David Walker in 1829 who was the son of a slave but born free in north Carolina. Argued that American slavery is the worst kind because they are labeled as inhuman, and it’s a completely racial system. Georgia offers reward to anyone who caught him.

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists, burned the Constitution as a pro slavery document. Argued for no Union with slaveholders until they repented their sins by freeing the slaves.