agricultural hearths
fertile crescent, Indus Valley, Southeast Asia, Central America
aquaculture
intensive; controlled raising of aquatic life
bid-rent theory
price of land with distance to the market
biodiversity
balance in the ecosystem
biotechnology
cloning and genetic engineering; GMOs
carrying capacity
the ability of land to support human life
climate
determines what can be grown where
clustered settlement pattern
houses are grouped and surrounded by fields
Columbian Exchange
pants, animals, disease and culture between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
commercial agriculture
farming to make a profit; industrial farming
commodity chain
all the steps in the raw materials to market
community-supported agriculture
subscription to a local farm
conservation efforts
drip irrigation, no till agriculture, local food movements
deforestation
loss of forests
desertification
leaching the soil and expanding the deserts
dietary shifts
MDC more organics, more healthful more chicken; LDCs more meat
dispersed settlement pattern
rural settlement pattern with loan farmstead (house)
domestication
selective breeding
economies of scale
decreasing price by producing more
extensive agriculture
more land small yield per unit; cereal grains
fair trade
movement to get LDC farming a living wage and safe conditions
Fertile Crescent
where agriculture began first; surplus=specialization
chemical fertilizer
fertilizers mass produced in factories
First Agricultural Revolution
domestication of plants and animals 10,000 years ago
food desert
urban areas in core countries with little access to healthful food
food insecurity
lack of access enough food
genetically modified organisms
DNA changes of plants and animals; Roundup Ready
global supply chain
CCC that brings all of the parts of value-added goods together
Green Revolution
1960s chemical fertilizers and hybrid seeds; tripled food supply
high-yield hybrid seeds
NOT GMOs cross bread dwarf wheat and rice
Indus River Valley
agricultural hearth in northern India
industrial agriculture
mechanized commercial farming
intensive agriculture
small amounts out land; higher yields per unit; labor and capital intensive
center point irrigation
irrigates crops in circles from groundwater
land cover change
visible changes in the natural landscape
linear settlement pattern
rural settlement pattern along on road or river
local-food movement
eating food grown locally to reduce carbon footprint
long lot
land survey rectangular long lots perpendicular to a river; FRENCH
market gardening
intensive commercial fruits and vegetables near the market
mechanized farming
farming with machines; industrialized farming
Mediterranean climate
west coasts, olives, grapes and nuts
metes and bounds
irregular rural land survey method, based on landmarks; ENGLAND
mixed crop/livestock system
intensive farming growing crops to feed to livestock
monocropping/monoculture
all one kind of crop; corn belt
multicroppping
planting a variety of crops for a balanced diet
nomadic herding
extensive subsistence, moving herds to new pastures
pastoral nomadism
extensive subsistence, moving herds to new pastures
plantation agriculture
intensive commercial cash crops in the tropics; coffee
pollution
air, water, land, nitrogen runoff, eutrophication
ranching
extensive commercial livestock
rural settlement pattern
how houses were arranged around agriculture
rural survey method
how land was divided for agriculture
Second Agricultural Revolution
with industrial revolution; crop rotation, mechanized commercial farming
shifting cultivation
extensive subsistence; slash and burn in tropics
slash and burn agriculture
informal name for shifting cultivators
staple crop
main food source, cassava, corn, wheat. rice
soil salinization
caused by overirrigation, salt build up in the soil
suburbanization (affecting agriculture)
converting farmland to suburbs
subsistence agriculture
farming to feed yourself and family
sustainability (affecting agriculture)
farming to save farmland and protect the environment and freshwater
terrace farming
making mountains farmable by creating step pattern; more sustainable
township and range
rural settlement pattern of US west; 6 by 6 mile squares
tropical climate
cash crops, coffee, tea, palm oil, subsistence rice
urban farming
farming in the city; vertical farming, rooftop gardening
value-added specialty crops
specialty cheeses, free-range, organic
Von Thünen's model
distance to market determines the type of agriculture