Tags & Description
neurofibrils
channel communication from one cell to another
(tangles related to dementia)
mitochondria
cell metabolism
ribosomes
synthesize RNA
lysosomes
intercellular digestion
golgi apparatus
secretion and movement of protein
neuroglial cells
support and protect nerve in white and gray matter
astrocytes
assist blood brain barrier
schwann cells
produce sheath in PNS
what do Schwann cells do
protect the shealth or the coating
schwannoma occurs when
Schwann cells keep splitting and producing
oligodendrocyte (glial cells)
produce myelin sheath in CNS
MS is caused by
damage of the myelin sheath
excessive division of oligodendrocyte can cause
neoplastic growth (tumors) known as gliomas
three types of neurons
association, afferent, and efferent
association
CNS brain and spinal cord
afferent
receptive (peripheral) sense stimuli and send information to the brain
efferent
motor (peripheral) send signals to initiate movement
how many pairs of cranial nerves
12
brain sends information to spinal cord, motor impulses are sent to what
organs
organs send what kind of information to the spinal cord and then to the brain
sensory impulses
grey mater
cell bodies of nerve cells
grey matter is used to process what kind of information
sensory and motor
Grey matter includes
broca’s and wernicke’s
damage in grey matter can cause
aphasia
white matter contains
long filaments of cells
white matter is used for
communication between grey matter areas (Axons)
-responsible for the speed at which messages are sent
damage in white matter can cause
MS or dementia
Every time you learn something new you create a new …
axon
layers of the brain
skin
skull
dura mater
arachnoid
subarachnoid
piamater
skull has what space
epidural
dura matter is a
thick membrane
dura matter space
subdural space
arachnoid mater is
thin semitransparent vascular membrane
epidural space and subdural space only exist if there is
damage
subarachnoid space
filled with CSF (always there)
piamater
thin transparent on brain surface, follows sulci and gyri, blood vessels pass through it
does piamater normally exist?
no, pathological conditions
Producing the spoken word (areas of the brain)
wernicke’s
arcuate fsciculus
broca’s
motor cortex
visual cortex
angular gyrus
wernicke’s
wernicke’s (producing a spoken word)
activated when accessing the lexicon, interprets lexical entry
-makes available meaning and pronunciation
arcuate fasciculus (producing a spoken word)
sends phonetic information from wernicke’s to broca’s
Broca’s (producing a spoken word)
interprets information and transmits articulation information to motor cortex
Motor cortex (producing a spoken word)
directs movements of muscles for articulation
is it harder to read in your head or outloud
outloud
visual cortex (reading a word)
processes information received by eyes
angular gyrus (reading a word)
associated written form of word with lexical entry
wernicke’s (reading a word)
activated during lexical access
makes available meaning and pronunciation
auditory perception of a word
auditory cortex
wernicke’s
arcuate fasiculus
brocas
motor cortex
auditory cortex (reception of a word)
process information perceived by ears
wernicke’s (reception of a word)
interprets auditory stimulus and matches to lexical entry
brain requires what % of blood supply
20%
brain consumes what % of oxygen
25%
loss of blood flow to brain for 10 seconds lead to
loss of consciousness
loss of blood flow to brain for 20 seconds lead to
loss of electrical activity
permanent damage occurs when brain losses blood supply for how long
4-6 minutes
arteries
transport nutrients to the brain
nutrients that go to the brain include
oxygen and glucose
veins
carry away waste products
aorta
carries blood away from heart
aortic arch divides into how many branches above the heart
4
4 branches of aortic arch
carotid arteries (2)
subclavian arteries (2)
external carotid supplies blood to
face, forehead, nose, and mouth
internal carotid supplied blood to
brain
anterior cerebral artery supplies bllood to
frontal, parietal lobes, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum
damage to ACA causes
paralysis of legs/feet, cognitive deficits
middle cerebral artery (MCA)
largest branch, lateral surface of frontal lobe, sensory and motor cortex, Broca’s and Wernicke’s, angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus
damage to MCA causes
hemiplegia, impaired sensation, reading and writing issues, aphasia
hemiplagia
paralysis on one side of the body
posterior cerebral artery supplies blood to
the occipital lobe, portions of the thalamus, upper brainstem, and midbrain
damage to the PCA causes
vision loss, visual agnosia, visual or color anomia, prosopagnosia
agnosia
loss of the ability to identify objects using one or more senses an
anomia
inability to remember the right words such as names of people or objects
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces of familiar people
vertebral arteries come from
two subclavian arteries which supply upper extremities
vertebral arteries join together at the
basilar artery
vertebral arteries divide in upper level of pons to supply to
temporal and occipital lobe
watershed areas
areas where arteries come in close contact to reduce damage in these areas due to redundancy of supply
circle of willis
joins two carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries
Circle of willis provides for
redundancy in blood supply to the brain
blockages below the circle of willis result in
minimal damage
blockages above the circle of willis result in
significant damage
CT is
computerized tomography
infarct causes
decreased tissue density
hemorrhage causes
increased tissue density
ultrasound is used for imaging
newborns for tumors and hemorrhage
MRI is
magnetic resonance imaging
MRI advantages
sharper image, no radiation, better at identifying pathologies, noninvasive (can be repeated)
MRI uses
water density for clear images of bone and soft tissue, and contrasts gray and white brain matter
disadvantages of MRI
length of time, need to be still
EEG is
electroencephalography
EEG measures
electrical activity
EP
evoked potential
ERP
evoked response potential
EEG is good for distinguishing between
critical and subcortical lesions, estimating severity of damage from a nonresponsive patient
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
Advantages of SPECT
cost, 3D view of cerebral blood flow, locating epileptic seizure activity
disadvantages of SPECT
not sensitive for discrimination of neoplasm from ischemia
ischemia definition
insufficient blood flow to bodily organs
PET is
position emission tomography
PET detects
areas of CBF, can detect issues of hypometabolism far from site of infarct
disadvantage of PET
more expensive than SPECT