Tags & Description
Hannibal Barca
Carthaginian General who was victorious at the battle of Cannae against the Romans in the second Punic War. He is the one who took the war elephants over the Alps.
Scipio
Roman general during the second Punic war, and comes up with an excellent counter-attack strategy:
His troops first conquer Spain
Then, they attack Carthage directly while Hannibal is in Italy
Hannibal and his troops rush back to Carthage and are defeated at the Battle of Zama
Romulus and Remus
Romulus and Remus is the story of how Rome was founded, and in a conflict between the two brothers, Romulus killed Remus and then founded Rome.
Aeneas
Hero who fought against the Greeks in the Trojan wars. He married the daughter of King Latinus, which angered opposing kings and started a war. He was inspirational for many Romans and Caesar and Augustus claim to be his descendants.
Gracchi Brothers
Influential elected tribunes (representative body for the Plebeians) in Rome and fought for the rights of the common people.
Marius
Marched on Rome with his personal and loyal army to enact social reforms that did favor the plebeians
Uncle of Julius Caesar
Sulla
After Marius’ death, Sulla seized Rome with his loyal army and initiated a reign of terror
Proscription - Sulla posted names of ‘enemies of the state’ around Rome encouraging the roman people to kill those individuals and take their property
His reforms favored the Patrician classes
Pompey
Powerful Roman general that was also in the first triumvirate.
Crassus
Wealthy Roman in the first triumvirate, Caesar's friend (provided funds to him at times), gains fame by defeating Spartacus, killed trying to conquer Parthian empire
Julius Caesar
Caesar named Dictator, essentially destroying the Republic
Marriage to Cleopatra
Granted citizenship to foreigners
Settled military veterans in the provinces
His economic plans decreased Roman debt and reduced unemployment
Established reforms, had public building projects, changed the calendar, and put troops in Spain and France
Who was in the second triumvirate? And why did it happen?
Mark Antony, Lepidus, Augustus. It happened because when Caesar was assassinated, the people were angry, so instead of just having another republic they formed another triumvirate.
Mark Antony
a consul and Caesars closest ally and wished to take power in Rome and hunt down the assassins
Cleopatra
Ruler of Egypt
First married Caesar
Then fell in love with Mark Antony
Later fled to Alexandria with Antony and suicided along with him
Lepidus
A powerful Roman General and ally to Caesar also wished to take power
Octavian
an up and coming politician and military leader was adopted by and named by Julius Caesar as his heir
Why did the second triumvirate fall apart?
Lepidus attempted to expand his own territorial possessions, and Octavian forced him to retire and then took Lepidus’ army
Mark Antony and Cleopatra fell in love as Antony settled in Egypt
Octavaian had an advantage being settled in Rome itself, and used propaganda to convince the people that Mark Antony did not care about Rome. Antoy declared war on Octavian
Augustus (formerly Octavian)
First official Roman empire (republic is done). Senate still exists but really holds no true power
His reign started the pax Romana, Golden age of Rome, 27BC to 180 AD
Only instability was transfer of power, law did not provide and easy plan for succession of emperors
27 BC-14 AD
Restored some aspects of the republic to keep the senators happy, law making power. Augustus still had the final say
What did Augustus do?
Strengthened the borders of the empire using diplomacy and establishing a standing army for the empire
No personal army
Annexed more land for the empire
Many reforms
Created the Praetorian guard (loyal force to the emperor)
Established police services
Opened up jobs for people
Established a uniform tax on the entire empire
Military veterans were given more land and money
Public works
Aqueducts
Road system throughout the provinces
Implemented “Bread and Circuses”
Tiberius
Started the Julio Claudian emperor → 4 emperors who are all related to Caesar and rule because of that
14-37 AD
Successful roman general prior
Mostly just tried to maintain the empire as it was, ensuring wealth and peace
Left the throne in the hands of the Praetorian Guard
Said that ruling Rome was like “holding a wolf by its ears”
Caligula
37-41 AD
Brutal, corrupt, mentally disturbed, and despised for his illogical actions and bad spending habits
Did build some successful aqueducts
Names his hose to be a consul and declared war on Neptune
Assassinated by Praetorian Guard
Nero
54-68 AD
Tyrannical and selfish leader
Had mother wife and many senators murdered
The great fire of Rome burned down much of Rome and as a result Nero blamed and persecuted Christians
It's rumored he actually started the fire
First persecution of Christians
Neglected duties became fearful he would be killed, and took his own life in 68 AD
End of the Julio-Claudian empire
Vespasian
Started the Flavian dynasty
First emperor who was not a patrician
Practical frugal and helped restore stability
Commissioned the building of the Flavian Amphitheatre (colosseum) and the Roman Forum
Good leader
Titus
Vespasian's son
79-81 AD
Renowned military commander for conquering Jerusalem
Eruption of mount Vesuvius occurred during his reign (79 AD) → Pompeii
Jesus of Nazareth
Early Christians has little contact with the Essenes, who shared the same concerns.
Christians formed their community around Jesus of Nazareth, a Jewish teacher they saw as their savior.
Born in 4 BCE, Jesus grew up in a time of tension between Roman overlords and Jewish subjects.
Peaceful man who taught devotion to god and love for humans.
Attracted large crowds because of his reputation for wisdom and miraculous powers. Ability to heal the sick
Alarmed the Romans because Jesus taught “the kingdom of god is at hand”, to Jesus this could refer to a spiritual realm where the faithful gathered to god.
The impending kingdom of god sounded like a threat to Roman rule and Palestine.
To forestall this new rebellion, Roman administrators executed Jesus by putting him on the cross in 30 Ce
Paul of Tarsus
Spread Christianity to the urban masses and converted a lot of people, before he was executed by an emperor.
Nerva
Appointed by the senate
Wise and moderate emperor
96-98 AD
Appointed an able military commander as his successor and set this precedent for the next 100 years
Started the 5 good emperors
Trajan
Second greatest roman empire
Spanish born senator and general
Last “conquering” emperor
Expanded empire to its greatest size
Known for his philanthropy
Orphanages (made the government funded orphanage system for the first time in history)
Social welfare programs
Reconstructed the Circus Maximus
Hadrian
117-18 AD
Changed strategy from offensive to defensive for the first time in Roman history
Built “Hadrian’s Wall” in Britain to protect against invaders
Secured Roman borders
Built the Pantheon
Marcus Aurelius
161-180 AD
Considered to be the “Philosopher King”
One of the great Stoic philosophers
Wrote Meditations which is still considered an important work about service and duty
Portrayed in the movie
Who were the five good emperors?
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius
End of the Pax Romana
Regardless of the strengths or weaknesses of a leader, Rome still ran fairly smoothly - Bread and Circuses
Many of the problems are rooted in the fact that Augustus never set up clear standards for succession of power.
The emperor answered first and foremost to the military, and the Senate, while it didn’t hold the power an emperor did, still held significant influence
As the era of the “Five Good Emperors” came to an end, a succession of weak leaders and civil wars followed and Rome began its slow decline.
Spartacus
Escaped slave Spartacus had an army of 70,000 rebellious slaves in 73 BC. He was a slave himself and led a big rebellion, but was ultimately defeated.
Emperor Constantine
Converted to Orthodox Christian and created the Edict of Milan, which allowed for people to practice Christianity without being persecuted.
Emperor Theodosius
Made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Emperor.
Cicero
Studied classical and Hellenistic schools of thought → Cicero drew heavily from the Stoics’ moral and ethical teachings
Argued that the pursuit of justice was the individual’s highest public duty, and he scorned those who sought to accumulate wealth or to become powerful through immoral, illegal, or unjust means
Stoicism became the most prominent school of philosophy in Rome
Diocletian
split the empire in half and peak of Christian persecution
What was the first place the Romans conquered after they conquered the entire Italian peninsula?
Sicily
What is the significance of 509 BC?
This is when the Romans revolted against the Etruscan king, and the monarchy became the Roman republic.
The 4 phases of Roman expansion/Conquest
Central, west, east, north
What were Punic wars and what were the battles in the Punic wars?
There were 3 battles, Battle of Zama and Battle of Cannae, and the Punic wars was a war between Rome and Carthage
First Punic war
Roman policy of expansion led to conflict in Sicily
Rome established a great Navy and Army
Carthage swore vengeance
Rome gained control of Sicily
A Strategic island in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea
Second Punic war
Carthage, led by Hannibal Barca, conquered most of Spain and began to move along the French (Gaul) coastline
Carthaginian desire for revenge
Battle of Cannae
Hannibal surprise attack (with elephants) on Italy from the North
Hannibal and his troops terrorize the Italian Peninsula for 15 years!
Battle of Cannae was the worst defeat for the Romans
However, they were never able to conquer Rome itself
Battle of Zama
The Roman General Scipio comes up with an excellent counter-attack strategy:
His troops first conquer Spain
Then, they attack Carthage directly while Hannibal is in Italy
Hannibal and his troops rush back to Carthage and are defeated at the Battle of Zama
Effects of the second Punic war
Hannibal is defeated, exiled.
Carthage loses most of its Territory
Rome emerges as a military superpower
third Punic war
Causes: After 50 years Carthage grew stronger and planned to attack Rome once again
Events: Rome hears of this plan, goes on the offensive and attacks Carthage first and wins
Effects: Carthage is burned to the ground and people are sold into slavery, put salt in the earth so that the soil could not be used to grow crops. Again, Rome is a superpower
Consequences of the Punic wars
Increase in Roman territory
Complete control over Western Mediterranean
Expanded trade and wealth for Rome
Increase in slaves in Roman world
Destruction of Carthage
Who were the Etruscans
Indo European migrants that migrated from Anatolia and settled in Italy. They were a monarchy and had many Etruscan kings.
What are the twelve tables
a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome
Who were the patricians and the plebians
Patricians were rich people/land owners and plebians were common people.
What was the organization of the Roman republic like?
Assembly: Patricians and plebians met here and voted for the following groups
The legislative branch
The senate
Patricians
passes laws
The tribunes
plebians
Held important influence but couldn’t pass laws (ex the Gracchi brothers)
Judicial branch
Called magistrates
held trials
judges
Executive branch
made up of 2 consuls
elected by the patricians
final say in major decisions (like military) and could veto laws
Battle of Actium
Battle between Mark Antony and Octavian (located around Greece). Octavian wins, Antony and Cleopatra fled to Alexandria and suicide. Legacy: Octavian now the sole ruler of Rome.
What was the Legion?
military organization, originally the largest permanent organization in the armies of ancient Rome
What were gladiators?
professional fighters who fought in ancient Roman times, in front of a crowd, usually in large amphitheaters, including the Colosseum
What are the Roman “provinces”
Gaul (modern-day France), Spain, Egypt, Asia, Syria, Britain and Africa
What was the circus maximus?
The largest stadium built for chariot races.
Roman Forum
For centuries the Forum was the center of day-to-day life in Rome: the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches; and the nucleus of commercial affairs
The Panthenon
a temple built for the Roman gods
Who did the domes and arches come from
The Etruscans made the arches and the Romans created the domes.
Aqueducts
Aqueducts brought freshwater into the city from the neighboring mountains
What were latifundias?
organized enormous plantations
What were paterfamilias?
Eldest males. Had authority to arrange marriages for his children, determine the work or duties they would perform, and punish them for offenses as he saw fit. He also had rights to sell them into slavery and execute them.
What was bread and circuses?
gave the common people free food and entertainment → kept people happy and distracted
Flavian amphitheater (colosseum)
precise construction → protected viewers from sun and rain, possible to flood the arena with water and stage mock naval battles
Praetorian guard
loyal force to the emperor
The great fire
The great fire of Rome burned down much of Rome and as a result Nero blamed and persecuted Christians. It’s rumored that Nero is the one who started it.
The pope
ultimate leader of the Catholic church
Barbarians
all foreigners who lacked Greek and Roman traditions, especially the various tribes and armies putting pressure on Rome's borders
The Huns
nomadic warriors, likely from Central Asia, who are best known for invading and terrorizing Europe in the fourth and fifth centuries A.D. and hastening the downfall of the Western Roman Empire. Led by Atilla the Hun.
The visigoths
Germanic people that raided Roman territories repeatedly, and established great kingdoms in Gaul and Spain.
Mercenaries
Romans hired many Germans as mercenary soldiers, often paying them in land and a share of the taxes. The Visigoths worked as mercenaries for the Romans.
Edict of Milan
law code written by Emperor Constantine allowing for Christians to practice Christianity without being persercuted.
Significance of 476 AD
Romulus, the last of the Roman emperors in the west, was overthrown by the Germanic leader Odoacer.
Odoacer
Conquers Rome and the western Roman empire falls. First barbarian king of Italy