psych unit 9 vocab.

study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

theory by Fritz Heider, theory that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behavior by crediting their situation or disposition

the tendency to overestimate the impact of disposition and underestimate situations when analyzing a person’s behavior

the belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

when our attitudes and actions are opposed and we experience tension as a result

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection

when the group provides valuable information, but stubborn people don’t listen to them

the improved performance on tasks in the presence of others

The tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually

the loss of self-­awareness and self­-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

enhancing a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion

a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-­making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

generalizations about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a group or social category

unjust and differential treatment of the members of different groups or social categories

people with whom one shares a common identity

those perceived as different from one’s ingroup

the tendency to favor one’s own group

when individuals undergoing negative experiences blame an innocent individual or group for causing the experience

the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

principle that frustration creates anger, thus generating aggression

an incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

a situation in which the conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior

effect that says that individuals show an increased preference for a stimulus because of repeated exposure to it

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually at the beginning of a love relationship

a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

an apparently unselfish behavior that provides benefit to others at a cost to the individual; ex: martyrdom

the tendency of any bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process

the expectation that we should return help and not harm those who have helped us

the norm that tells us to help others when they need us even though they may not repay us

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

strategy designed to decrease international tensions by one side recognizing mutual interests and doing a small conciliatory act with a goal for reciprocation from the other party

scientific field that integrates behavioral knowledge with medical knowledge

field of psychology that studies stress-­related aspects of disease

any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person’s well­being

the physiological consequences of severe stress

a clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

competitive, hard­ driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-­prone people

easygoing, relaxed people

any stress-­related physical illness such as hypertension or headaches

a type of blood cell that plays a key role in specific immune responses

the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to manage the demands of a stressful situation

reducing stress by changing events that cause stress or by changing how we react to stress

when we cannot change a stressful situation and respond by attending to our own emotional needs

exercise that raises energy, increases self­ confidence, and lowers tension, depression, and anxiety

electronic devices that inform people about their physiological responses and gives them the chance to bring their response to a healthier range

a group of therapies and health care systems that fall outside the realm of conventional Western medical practic