Organic Molecules - Biology Notes
Organic Molecules:
Organic Molecules/Macromolecules/Biochemistry/Biomolecules = Building blocks of life
Macro = Large
Bio = Life
Molecules = 1 or more atoms
Organic = contains carbon
All Living things have carbon!
Carbon:
Forms up to 4 bonds
Can form chains or rings with single, double, or triple bonds
CH3 = Methol Group
CH2 = Metholine
H3C= Pentene
Monomers Vs Polymers:
Monomer - Individual molecules that hook together to make a polymer.
Mono = 1
Builds polymers from individual units
Ex: legos (pieces)
Polymer – Large Molecules made up of monomers.
Poly = Many
Large molecules made from individual monomers
Ex: Stacking legos to build a tower
The 4 Macromolecules or Biological Molecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates:
Functions:
Short term energy and structural support
Most end in –ose(sugar)
Sugar is made up of C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Ex: Glucose - C6H12O6
Monomer and Polymer for Carb:
Monomer:
Monosaccharide (single sugar)
Mono = 1
Saccharide = sugar
Glucose (plants)
Galactose (milk)
Fructose (fruit)
Polymer:
Polysaccharide – many monosaccharide.
Ex. Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, and Chitin
Type of Carbohydrate:
Starch - Energy storage for plants
Iodine tests for the presence of starch.
If you put a drop of iodine on starch it changes color from yellow/brown to purple.
Glycogen – Stores excess glucose in an animal's liver
Cellulose – in plants’ cell wall
Humans cannot digest cellulose.
Chitin – Makes the exoskeletons(structure) of arthropods, and cell walls of fungi.
Complex Carbohydrates:
Formation:
Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration: Lacking/remaining H20
Synthesis: combine/make/forming
Combining single compounds into a complex one by removing water
Breakdown:
Hydrolysis
Hydro = Water
Lysis = Disintegration
Addition of WATER to a compound SPLITS it
Lipids
Lipids = Fat
Made up of C H O (mostly C H)
Major functions:
long-term energy storage
Insulation
Waterproof coverings(Plant leaves)
Lipids are nonpolar & do not dissolve in water
The test for lipids is the brown paper bag test. All lipids leave grease stains
Monomer and Polymer for Lipids:
Monomer: glycerol and fatty acid
Polymer: __Tri__glyceride
Tri = 3 -> glycerols and fatty acids
Examples of Lipids:
Oil-energy storage in plants
Fat energy storage, protection and insulation in animals
Waxes: waterproof coverings
Phospholipids: Make up cell membranes
Hormones: messengers for body
Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone
Saturated Fats (Straight):
Solid at room temp
Ex: Steak fat, butter, etc.
These are bad for you!!!
Every carbon is single bonded
Unsaturated Fats (Bent):
They are Liquid at room temp
Ex: olive oil, oil from avocados
Good for you!
Two of the carbons are double bonded
Organic Molecules - Biology Notes
Organic Molecules:
Organic Molecules/Macromolecules/Biochemistry/Biomolecules = Building blocks of life
Macro = Large
Bio = Life
Molecules = 1 or more atoms
Organic = contains carbon
All Living things have carbon!
Carbon:
Forms up to 4 bonds
Can form chains or rings with single, double, or triple bonds
CH3 = Methol Group
CH2 = Metholine
H3C= Pentene
Monomers Vs Polymers:
Monomer - Individual molecules that hook together to make a polymer.
Mono = 1
Builds polymers from individual units
Ex: legos (pieces)
Polymer – Large Molecules made up of monomers.
Poly = Many
Large molecules made from individual monomers
Ex: Stacking legos to build a tower
The 4 Macromolecules or Biological Molecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates:
Functions:
Short term energy and structural support
Most end in –ose(sugar)
Sugar is made up of C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Ex: Glucose - C6H12O6
Monomer and Polymer for Carb:
Monomer:
Monosaccharide (single sugar)
Mono = 1
Saccharide = sugar
Glucose (plants)
Galactose (milk)
Fructose (fruit)
Polymer:
Polysaccharide – many monosaccharide.
Ex. Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, and Chitin
Type of Carbohydrate:
Starch - Energy storage for plants
Iodine tests for the presence of starch.
If you put a drop of iodine on starch it changes color from yellow/brown to purple.
Glycogen – Stores excess glucose in an animal's liver
Cellulose – in plants’ cell wall
Humans cannot digest cellulose.
Chitin – Makes the exoskeletons(structure) of arthropods, and cell walls of fungi.
Complex Carbohydrates:
Formation:
Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration: Lacking/remaining H20
Synthesis: combine/make/forming
Combining single compounds into a complex one by removing water
Breakdown:
Hydrolysis
Hydro = Water
Lysis = Disintegration
Addition of WATER to a compound SPLITS it
Lipids
Lipids = Fat
Made up of C H O (mostly C H)
Major functions:
long-term energy storage
Insulation
Waterproof coverings(Plant leaves)
Lipids are nonpolar & do not dissolve in water
The test for lipids is the brown paper bag test. All lipids leave grease stains
Monomer and Polymer for Lipids:
Monomer: glycerol and fatty acid
Polymer: __Tri__glyceride
Tri = 3 -> glycerols and fatty acids
Examples of Lipids:
Oil-energy storage in plants
Fat energy storage, protection and insulation in animals
Waxes: waterproof coverings
Phospholipids: Make up cell membranes
Hormones: messengers for body
Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone
Saturated Fats (Straight):
Solid at room temp
Ex: Steak fat, butter, etc.
These are bad for you!!!
Every carbon is single bonded
Unsaturated Fats (Bent):
They are Liquid at room temp
Ex: olive oil, oil from avocados
Good for you!
Two of the carbons are double bonded