Constant multiple
∫c • f(x)dx= c • ∫f(x)dx
Sum & Difference
∫[f(x) ± g(x)]dx = ∫f(x)dx ± ∫g(x)dx
Power rule
∫x^n dx = x^(n+1)/(n+1) +C
∫cosdx =
sinx +C
∫sec²xdx =
tanx +C
∫secxtanxdx=
secx +C
∫sinxdx =
-cosx+ C
∫csc²xdx =
-cotx+ C
∫cscxcotx =
-cscx +C
∫e^xdx=
e^x +C
∫(1/x)dx =
ln|x| +C
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If f is continuous on [a,b], then
∫[b,a] f(x)dx= F(b)-F(a)
where F is the antiderivative of f.
Basically, you find the antiderivative [F(x)], and then define the function with the b and a values given [F(b) - F(a)].
Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
d/dx {∫[x,a] f(t)dt = f(x)}
ex: d/dx {∫[x,3] t ln(t-5)dt = x ln (x-5)
Net change of W from on [a.b]
If R represents the rate at which a quantity W is changing W(t) is antiderivative of R(t), then:
∫[b,a] R(t)dt = W(b) - W(a)
average value of R on [a.b]
If R represents the rate at which a quantity W is changing W(t) is antiderivative of R(t), then:
1/(b-a)∫[b,a] R(t)dt
Average rate of change of W on [a,b]
If R represents the rate at which a quantity W is changing W(t) is antiderivative of R(t), then:
[W(b)- W(a)]/(b-a)
Future value of W at some time b
If R represents the rate at which a quantity W is changing W(t) is antiderivative of R(t), then:
W(b) = W(a) + ∫[b,a] R(t)dt
(bottom) ∫tanxdx=
-ln|cosx| + C
∫secxdx =
ln|secx+tanx| +C
(bottom) ∫cotxdx
ln|sinx| + C
∫cscxdx
-ln|cscx+cotx| + C