APUSH Semester Review

• 1754-1763

Friction develops between England and the colonies (differences in paradigms); territorial changes

England

• Colonies did not support the war, weak, and needed protection

Colonies

• Myth of English invincibility shattered

• Don’t need protection and certainly will not pay for it

Salutary Neglect

• England doesn’t care of US

Powers:

• States stronger

• Could not tax (major flaw)

• No executive

Accomplishments:

• Land Ordinance of 1785 (provided for setting aside one section of land in each township for public education)

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (granted limited self-gov. to the developing territory and prohibited slavery in the region)

A recent English immigrant to the colonies

• wrote the essay “Common Sense”

• argued about the colonies becoming independent states and breaking all political ties with British monarchy

• mentioned it was unreasonable for a large continent to be ruled by a small and distant island and people to pledge allegiance to a king whose government was corrupt

Those who maintained their allegiance to the king, also called Tories

• Close ties to England

• Mostly merchants

The turning point of the war

• now the French feel it is worth helping the colonies

Outcome: slavery

• Shays was a farmer and war vet

• rallied the farmers; taxes and land foreclosure

• rebellion shut down tax collection offices and debtors courts

• Tax Issue

Hamilton, to make up the revenue lost because the tariffs were lower than he wanted, persuaded Congress to pass excise taxes, particularly on the sale of whiskey

• Rather than paying the tax, rebelling farmers defended their “liberties” by attacking the revenue collectors

• Washington responded to this crisis by federalizing 15,000 state militiamen; the show of force caused the Whiskey Rebellion to collapse with almost no bloodshed

• Tax Issue

Abolitionists

• Anti-slavery

Goals:

• Settle the west

• Land grants

2nd Great Awakening influenced:

• W- Women’s Rights

• E- Education

• A- Abolition

• U- Utopian Societies (Transcendentalists)

• D- Dorothea Dix and…

• I- Insane Asylum (and Prison) Reform

• T- Temperance

“immediate emancipation without compensation”

• The Liberator

Response to the Mexican War

• An attempt to keep a lid on the slavery issue

• California wants to enter the Union as a free state

North benefits:

• California admitted as a free state

• Disputed territory between NM and TX goes to NM

• No more slave trade in DC

South Benefits:

• NM and UT would have no restrictions on slavery (use popular sovereignty)

• US pays off the debt

• Stronger fugitive slave law **(**By far the most controversial part of the compromise)

Sept. 1862

• Jan. 1st all slaves in states in rebellion will be free

• Now makes it a moral war

• Increases African-American enlistments

Lincoln suspends “habeas corpus”

• (Sends people straight to jail)

• These states did not secede

• Vital to the success of the Union

• Contained transportation and communication lines that were vital to the war

  • Missouri

  • Kentucky

  • Maryland

  • Delaware

• North:

  • Most of the nation’s wealth

  • Industrialization of the North gave an advantage in producing guns, bullets, and other materials needed for warfare

  • Railway system was superior than the South’s

  • Had most influential banks and financial markets

  • Bigger population

• South:

  • Larger than the North (conquering it would be hard)

  • Felt that their officer corps was superior to the officer corps of the Union

Freedmen’s Bureau

• Educate, feed, and help former slaves assimilate into society (poor whites also)

Black Codes

• attempted to economically disable freed slaves

• Jackson Turner asserted that the American national character was shaped by the move west

• He argued that American democracy and self-reliance were products of the frontier experiences

Was established as a result of mounting public indignation in the 1880s against railroad malpractices and abuses

Boss of Tammany Hall, the most famous political machine

European Powers had divided China into “spheres of influence” (territories where the country controls)

• Russia

• England

• Japan

• Germany

• Austria

William Bryan

Term used to describe successful industrialists whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical

• The US will police the Americans/intervene in Latin America to protect US interests

• Keep European powers away

• Capable through Hay-Bunau Treaty

• Will reduce the travel time from Atlantic to the Pacific

  • Helps trade and the navy

A middle-class woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses

• Established settlement houses (Hull House)

Writers who expose the “evils” of society

• Increased circulation of newspapers and magazines helped the muckrakers influence on society

Critical of “machine politics”

• Lack of comprehension programs for the poor

• Corruption

The Supreme Court ruled:

• Schenk’s right to free speech is limited because his actions pose a “clear and present danger” to the US

• African Americans move North for factory jobs

• Social tensions

• Women work in factories- support for suffrage grows

• 13th Amendment

  • Abolishes slavery in the US

• 14th Amendment

  • Equal protection under the law (former slaves are now citizens)

• 15th Amendment

  • You may not be denied the right to vote on the basis of race or former condition

• 16th amendment

  • Income tax (graduated)

• 17th amendment

  • Direct election of senators (more political power for the people)

• 18th amendment

  • Prohibition of Alcohol

• 19th amendment

  • Women’s suffrage

John Marshall deciding on judicial review

• The supreme court has the power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

MD was taxing a branch of the national bank

Marshall Rules:

1. The bank is constitutional

2. A state (MD) may not tax the federal gov.

MvM establishes federal power over state power

• NY steamboat rights

• Congress controls interstate commerce, not the states

• Cherokee have prime land in Georgia

• Georgia wants to take the land

• Supreme Court (under Marshall) rules the SC has no real legal jurisdiction but the Cherokee may stay in Georgia

• Ruled that because a car was provided for African-American passengers, the state of Louisiana had not violated the Fourteenth Amendment

• Justices used the “separate but equal” doctrine to justify their decision

1908

• Protection of women workers (conditions)

• Louis Brandeis (lawyer)

• Upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours

• Evidence of effects of factory work on women

Brandeis sets a precedent and becomes the 1st Jew on the SC

Supreme Court (1905)

• Loss for Progressives

• Bakers lose fight for a 10-hour work day (down from 12)

Connecticut Plan

• upper house (Senate): equal vote

• lower house (House of Representatives): based on population

• Missouri, slave state; Maine, free state

• No slavery allowed north of the 36’30 line

• Hayes president

• Reconstruction is over, US troops leave the south

• “Redeemers” take over the south

An effort to stop the impending secession of some Southern states

• Proposed to extend the Missouri Compromise line westward and northward to California