Medicinal Chemistry IB SL Chemistry

Something that causes a physiological change in the body

Something used to treat or prevent diseases

• alter incoming sensory sensations

• alter a person’s mood or emotions

• alter the physiological state of the body, including consciousness and coordination

beneficial effect of a medicine

• intramuscular - into muscle

• subcutaneous - directly under the skin

• intravenous - bloodstream(most rapid effect)

fraction of administered dosage of a drug that enters the bloodstream and have an active effect

• method of drug administration

• polarity of drug

• type of function groups in drug

True

False. They must be 4 times stronger

One that is largely hydrophobic but still has some solubility

• carboxyl

• hydroxyl

• amine

Ones that lack the ability to ionize or form hydrogen bonds

• phenyl group(benzene ring)

• hydrocarbon chain

It reacts with NaOH

True

Measure of safety of a drug. A wide window means a wide margin between toxic and safe doses

TI = TD(50)/ED(50)

• TD(50) - median toxic dose

• ED(50) - median effective dose

• drug is synthesized

• Drug is tested on animals to find lethal dose

• Drug is tested on humans in a double blind experiment

• Unwanted side effects and tolerance must be determined

Can be determined by melting points and IR spectrum

False. More impurities means a lower melting point

painkiller

• aspirin

• ibuprofen

• paracetamol

• morphine

• codeine

• dimorphine

It blocks the action of enzymes that produce prostaglandins, which are involved in the transmission of pain impulses to the brain

prevents blood from clotting

• oral

  • polar, water-soluble

• intravenous

  • unstable or poorly soluble

• transdermal(skin patch or ointment)

  • non-polar, lipid-soluble

• rectal

  • unstable in gastric acid

• inhalation

  • volatile

Drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

• penicillin

A box shaped structure found in penicillin consists of three carbons and a nitrogen to make the base. One of the carbons in double bonded to an oxygen

They interfere with cell wall formation in bacteria by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for creating cross-links in the cell wall

Bacteria that resists the effects of an antibiotic

• overprescription of antibiotics for basic illnesses

• patients don’t complete their course of antibiotics

• antibiotics are given to healthy farm animals

• Improper disposal by hospitals or companies

• excreted by human urine

• pharmaceutical waste

Natural analgesics derived from opium. Bind to opioid receptors in the brain and block transmissions of pain impulses.

• morphine

• codine

• dimorphine

Advantages:

• provide relief for pain

• wide therapeutic window

• improve quality of life

• reduce anxiety

  Disadvantages:

• euphoria and lack of self-control

• regular usage can lead to addiction, dependence, and withdraw

Tightly packed cell restricting passage of substances from bloodstream to brain that is largely composed of lipids

morphine + ethanoic acid →dimorphine + water

type of antacids that prevents acid from rising in the esophagus

inhibits the secretion of H+ ions into gastric juice. Stomach acid inhibitor that can last up to three days.

• omeprazole

stomach acid inhibitor that blocks histamine receptors in acid-producing cells in the stomach

• ranitidine

submicroscopic organism that replicates inside living cells of other organisms. Consist of a protein coat and nucleic acid

small single cell microorganisms that are self reproducing, living, and contain various cell organelles. They are larger than viruses

• they lack a cell structure

• they lack subunits that can be targeted by antivirals

• they mutate quicker

• they must be targeted at a genetic level

True

• alter a cell’s genetic material

• block enzyme activity

• bind to cellular receptors targeted by viruses

• prevent release of viruses

• oseltamivir(oral)

• zanamivir(inhalation)

• mutates rapidly

• has host cells to replicate

• drugs that treat HIV may harm the host cell

• high price of anti-viral drugs

• condom use

• ignorance and misinformation

• stigmas

• prostitution

• Low-Level waste(LLW)

  • produces weak radiation for a short time

• Intermediate-Level Waste(ILW)

  • produces strong radiation for a short time

• High-Level Waste(HLW)

  • produces strong radiation for a long time

• Low-Level and Intermediate-Level

• gowns

• protective clothing

• shoe covers

• tissues

• needles

• mops

Store in shielded containers until the isotopes have decayed, then dispose of as non-radioactive waste

• sources for radiotherapy

• Co-60

• Cs-137

• long term storage in shielding containers or concrete chambers, then buried underground

• water

• methanol

• ethanol

• pentane

• dichloromethane

• dichloroethane

True

They have high volatility

Chlorinated:

• ozone-depleting

• accumulates in ground water

• forms toxins if burned

• toxic, irritant, and forms greenhouse gases

Non-chlorinated:

• flammable

• toxic, irritant, and forms greenhouse gases

• prevent waste

• design less hazardous chemical synthesis

• design safer chemicals and products

• use safer solvents

They produce penicillinase/enzyme that deactivates penicillin

the side chain has been changed to preserve the beta-lactam ring

weak base + stomach acid(HCl) →XCl + water

• CaCO3 + 2HCl →CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

• MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O

• ranitidine can treat stomach ulcers

• ranitidine prevents long term damage

• ranitidine lasts longer

• ranitidine doesn’t cause bloating