What is the history of the East End of London?
Famed for endemic poverty and high crime rates.
In the 1960s, several docks were built around Rotherhithe in the East End and it became densely populated and multicultural.
What happened to the docks in East London?
They were closed in the 1980s due to a shift to cargo transportation and long-lasting damage from WW2 bombing.
What was created by the UK government to target development in the East End after the closure of the docks?
The London Docklands Development Corporation, one of several development coportations established across the UK.
How did the LDDC work to improve the East End?
Completed the construction of luxury housing and the Canary Wharf development -> converted the area into a financial hub
Built the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) to connect the east end to the city centre
Why was the LDDC criticised?
It forced many locals out of their generational homes and made the area inaccessible to the working classes.
What is an example of a development project in the East End of London?
Olympic Park, Stratford
How many new jobs were created by the Olympic Park development?
100,000 (by 2030)
How many new neighbourhoods were created?
Five new neighbourhoods will have been created in the Park by 2036, with 11,000 affordable homes (1/3 of properties).
What new facilities have been/will be created?
New transport infrastructure, such as the Capital Ring footpath.
Premium sports facilities.
A new academy to educate children aged 3-18.
How is the Olympic Park development contributing to sustainability?
More green spaces have been introduced.
Public transport has been improved and expanded.
Water-efficiency has been incorporated into the designs.
How has the Olympic Park development (and the Olympics) changed perceptions of London?
The Olympic Park and the Olympics have arguably changed perceptions of London as a global city, whilst creating a localised and lasting impact on sense of place in communities like Stratford.
How are the changing perceptions of Stratford and the East End exemplified?
There is now gentrification in some parts of the East End.
Formation of a new commuter settlement in Stratford.
There is an increased volume of tourists.
How big is the population of Stratford?
15,700 (as of 2021 census)
What percentage of people living in Stratford were born outside of the UK (permanent migrations)?
55.7% (as of 2021 census). High permanent migration.
What percentage of people work from home (temporary migrations)?
48.1% (as of 2021). Low daily/temporary migration.
What percentage of households experience at least one form of deprivation?
47.5% (as of 2021).
What are two exogenous factors that have influenced the character of Stratford?
Industrialised in the 18th century, and was regarded as the 'factory centre of the south'.
There are heavy migration flows, with over 10% of people living in the UK for less than 10years. Main non-white group is Asian/Asian British.
What are three endogenous factors that have influenced the character of Stratford?
The River Thames forms a key part of the physical environment. The built environment is concrete and industrial.
High crime rate, with violent and sexual offences making up 18.5% of crimes.
Industrial decline in the 1980s/90s caused 60% of males to become unemployed and 120,000 jobs to be lost.
What is an example of a TNC that has impacted Stratford?
Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield.
Who are URW and where are they based?
A corporate real estate company focused on creating sustainable community spaces in cities across the US and Europe. The company is owned by Scentre Group, an organisation who operate in Australia and New Zealand.
How many jobs were created by the Stratford Westfield development?
32,000 jobs are supported by Westfield Stratford, with £13.6 million being spent on training and education.
How many tourists visited Westfield Stratford in 2017 and how much income has this generated?
17 million tourist visitors in 2017, with over £1 billion being generated in retail sales alone.
Where are the majority of tourists visiting Westfield from and how much do they spend there on average?
The majority of tourists come from China, who spend £442 on average when they visit Westfield.
Why has Westfield been criticised as a company?
The company has been accused of tax evasion in the USA.
Why has the Westfield development been criticised?
The final development is not the mixed use facility that was promised, which was supposed to include housing and flats as well as shops. In some ways, it excludes local people who live in poverty and creates outsider perspectives.