CH 13 Social Psychology

the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

aggression that is planned and purposeful

aggression that occurs spontaneously in response to a negative affective state

the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

the tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

the tendency of groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony

a phenomenon in which immersion in a group cause people to become less concerned with their personal values

the tendency of individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when surrounded by others who feel the same way

the tendency of people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone

the tendency for people to be less likely to help a stranger in an emergency situation when other bystanders are present

Intentional behavior that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself

the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

when we receive expressions of liking or loving, we tend to reciprocate

the cost-benefit ratio that a person believes they could attain in another relationship

the processes by which people come to understand others

inferences based on information about the categories to which a person belongs

inferences based on information that an individual's behavior

the tendency of targets to behave as observers expect them to behave

a negative evaluation of another person based on their category membership

the anxiety associated with the possibility of confirming other people's stereotypes about one's group

the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

the tendency of observers to think of targets who disconfirm stereotypes as "exceptions to the rule"

an inference about the cause of a person's behavior

explanations of people's behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people's actions

caused by relatively enduring tendency to think, feel or act in a particular way
Is the behavior consistent?
Is the behavior consensual?
Is the behavior distinctive?

the tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviors of others

people are motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid experiencing pain

when a reward decreases a person's intrinsic behavior to perform a behavior

an unpleasant feeling that arises when people feel they are being coerced

people are motivated to be accepted and to avoid being rejected

the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them

another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate

an influence strategy that involves getting someone to accept a small request by first getting them to refuse a large request

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

making a small request and then following it with a larger request

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitude, or beliefs