APWH Unit 8 Key Terms

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

South African social policy and racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites; ended c. 1994

A sometimes physical but also ideological conflict between the US and the
Soviet Union lasting c. 1945-1992. The nations never directly confronted
each other on the battlefield but they did issue deadly threats and conduct
proxy wars; capitalism vs. communism

The US theory that stated, if Communism in Asia could be contained in the
area the system would eventually die out

(1966-1976) Political policy in China started by Mao Zedong to eliminate his
rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created
communist China; an attack on traditional Chinese cultural values. It resulted
in beatings, terror, mass jailing, and the deaths of thousands

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they
all would.

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness
with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry

economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to
use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian
economy into a modern industrial society; resulted in famine and the deaths
of more than 45 million people

1950s and 60s; nationalist communist leader of North Vietnam; fought
against French colonization of Vietnam, used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-
communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; strategy
drew out war and made it unwinnable for the US

“mother city"; many people from former colonies moved to these locations;
maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony even after the
dissolution of empires; examples: South Asians to Britain, Algerians to
France, Filipinos to the United States

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian
participation in government. Its membership was middle class (high caste),
and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Gandhi,
appealing to the poor

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-
dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West

A policy by which land is taken from those who own large amounts and
redistributed to those who have little or none; a popular practice among
Communist nations who seek to gain the support of lower class citizens who
had historically been denied property ownership; occurred in China, Mexico,
USSR, Vietnam, Ethiopia, White Revolution Iran

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew the
Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled
from 1949 until 1976; led the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution to
bring economic and cultural change to Communist China

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This
plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe; meant to
improve economies so that communism would not sound appealing

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed
discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and
peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee
in 1968

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent
resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India
and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920; opposed British
rule in India and wanted a united India for both Muslims and Hindus

An organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims,
which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu
nations (Pakistan and India); led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah from 1913 until
creation of Pakistan in 1947

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance of capitalist nations made to
defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; included US,
England, France, Canada, and Western European countries

South African Nationalist Leader of the African National Congress (ANC);
arrested for opposing white S. African rule and apartheid; used nonviolent
means of protest; released from prison to become the South Africa's first
democratically elected president in 1994

a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major
power bloc of the Cold War; didn't want to take sides in the war; examples
include: Sukarno in Indonesia and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana

After gaining independence from Great Britain in 1947, India was separated
into two countries Pakistan for Muslims and India for Hindus; led to conflict as
well as population displacement and resettlement

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social
and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based
(capitalist) economy and society

A war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of
fighting each other directly; happened often during the Cold War including the
Korean War, Angolan Civil War, and the Sandinista-Contras conflict in
Nicaragua

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any
country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped
Greece and Turkey

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international
peace, security, and cooperation

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other communist Eastern
European nations; formed in response to NATO

Occurred in Iran in 1962, the Shah's attempt appease the Iranian citizens;
called for economic and and political reforms: created land reform, profit
sharing, and women's right to vote