Studied by 2 peoplememory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
storage
the retention of encoded information over time
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
sensory memory
the immediate
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
includes knowledge
skills
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study of practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice.
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
visual encoding
the encoding of picture images
acoustic encoding
the encoding of sound
semantic encoding
the encoding of meaning
imagery
mental pictures
a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
menemonics
memory aids
chunking
organizing items into familiar
often occurs automatically
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
if attention is elsewhere
sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
long-term potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
amnesia
the loss of memory
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection. (nondeclarative or procedural memory)
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory)
hippocampus
a neural center that is located in the limbic system
helps process explicit memories for storage
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
priming
the activation
deja vu
the eerie sense that"I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall fo old information
repression
the psychoanalytic theory
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experiences
cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
algorithm
a methodical
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
insight
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way
functional fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
an impediment to problem solving
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood o things in terms of how well they seem to represent
may lead us to ignore other relevant information
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness)
we presume such events are common
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
intuition
an effortless
framing
the way an issue is posed
can affect decisions and judgements
language
our spoken
phoneme
in language
morpheme
in a language
may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
grammar
in a language
semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes
also the study of meaning
syntax
the rules for combing words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
babbling stage
beginning at about 4 months
one-word stage
the stage in speech development
two-word stage
beginning about age 2
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs
linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Note
Flashcard