SOC 101 - Quiz 1 (Ch 1, 3, 4)

People or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, or other orientations toward life 

E.g. Family 

Learning part of a future role because one anticipates it 

E.g. Medical students prepare to be a doctor by pretending to have competence and confidence, working long hours, etc. 

An idea that a culture agrees upon, not necessarily a fact, are shared definitions of reality, and they change from society to society, and time to time. 

E.g. English speakers and Spanish speakers perceive colours differently. 

Karl Marx’s term for capitalists, those who own the means to produce wealth 

Synonymous with “bourgeoisie”, those who own the means of production

Marx’s term for the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie 

A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups competing for scarce resources 

E.g. One group controls the means of production and exploits those that do not 

American sociologist that studied the emergence of human identity and coined the term “looking-glass self” which consists of imagining how we appear to others, interpreting their reactions, and based on the reactions of others, developing ideas about ourselves. 

A group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviours place its members in opposition to the broader culture 

E.g. A motorcycle gang that stresses freedom and speed but also add the values of hating women and selling drugs and prostitution 

A set of habits and dispositions that give middle- and upper-class children an advantage over children from the working class 

The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another  

E.g. Mainly from the West to other parts of the world but also seen in architectural designs, food (bagels, falafel) 

William Ogburn’s term for human behaviour lagging behind technological innovations 

E.g. We continue to visit doctors’ offices despite us having the technology to simply find a diagnosis online 

The process by which cultures become similar to one another, and especially by which Western industrial culture is imported and diffused into developing nations 

Understanding a people from the framework of its own culture 

The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviours, and even material objects passed from one generation to the next 

A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to describe an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individual’s self-identity and stamping a new one in its place; a ritual designed to strip an individual of his or her identity as a group member 

E.g. Newly recruited soldiers being given buzzcuts and stripped from everything that made them a civilian (clothes, etc.) 

Studied how the most personal of individual behaviours is shaped by social forces and showed how social integration is a key factor in deterring suicide 

The use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms and behaviours.  

All three types of feminist theories – Marxist, liberal, and radical – hold that women are oppressed by gender roles that are products of social, historical, and cultural factors 

Norms that are not strictly enforced 

A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism 

E.g. Tuition is increased to recruit better quality staff (manifest function) and as a result, there is an influx of new students and so the university’s programs and campus are expanded (latent positive function) 

Ages 6-13, characterizes by the ability to recognize patterns in behaviours of others, implies knowledge of the generalized other and take part in reflexive role-taking 

The behaviours and attitudes considered appropriate because one is a female or male 

The norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of “people in general”; a child’s ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of self 

Studied the total institution and showed how it can tear down individuals and mold them into something else entirely. 

Groups toward which one feels loyalty 

Groups toward which one feels antagonism 

A system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought 

A term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others’ reactions to us 

The beneficial consequences of people’s actions that maintain equilibrium 

The intended consequences of people’s actions designed to help some part of a social system  

The unintended consequences of people’s actions that help keep a social system in equilibrium  

Consequences that undermine equilibrium  

Presented capitalism as a new type of class-based oppression through conflict theory, focuses on the relationship between the bourgeoisie and proletariat, characterized by class conflict which can only end if the working class work together and start a revolution to create a classless society 

The material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, jewelry 

A symbolic interactionist that focuses on primary socialization which consists of the preparatory stage (before age 3, learning a language), the play stage (ages 3-6, imitation those around us but not having an understanding of it), and the game stage (ages 6-13, able to play and understand multiple roles) 

Further developed functional analysis and used the term “functions” to describe beneficial consequences of people’s actions that help keep a group in equilibrium. 

Norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought to be essential to core values. 

A group’s ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behaviour, including language and other forms of interaction) 

The expectations or rules of behaviour that develop out of values 

European social observers began to use scientific methods to test their ideas in the 19^th century, named in 1838, no one noticed sociology for a long time because for many years, life and society was constant and unchanging 

Factors: 

1. Bourgeois (capitalist) revolutions: French revolution gave way for the bourgeoisie to be in power 

2. Industrial revolution: People that once lived only in their village met people who live by different rules since moving away from their village and working in a factory. Different rules and new technology led to transformations in people’s beliefs, values, and ideas 

3. Imperialism: Europeans were exposed to new cultures 

Ages 3-6, children imitate others and show little understanding of patterns

A group associated by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and co-operation 

Compared with a primary group, a larger relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity, whose members are likely to interact on the basis of specific roles 

Marx’s term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production 

Weber’s term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life, accompanied by hard work and frugality 

The groups we use as standard to evaluate ourselves 

The process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviours 

Expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms 

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf’s hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving 

An individual who significantly influences someone else’s life 

The unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves “from the outside”; the picture we gain of how others see us 

The ways that different groups come together to form a whole in society 

The group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society 

The process by which people learn the characteristics of their group: the attitudes, values, and actions thought appropriate for them 

A term used by sociologists to refer to a group of people who share a culture and a territory  

The scientific study of society and human behaviour 

Weber’s term for the desire to accumulate capital as a duty – not to spend it, but as an end in itself – and to constantly reinvest it 

The values and related behaviours of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world 

A theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another

Something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with others 

A norm so strong that it brings revulsion if violated 

Putting oneself in someone else’s shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act 

A general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another 

A place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and are almost totally controlled by the officials who run the place 

The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly; attitudes about the way the world ought to be 

A German word used by Weber that is perhaps best understood as “to have insight into someone’s situation” 

Believed that there is a link between people’s ideas (religion) and the rise in capitalism and that we should focuson the ways people interpret their own behaviour, opposes Marx