Chapter 27: America in an Era of Turmoil (1960– 1975)

Group of domestic policies proposed by John Kennedy that included Medicare and aid to education and urban renewal; many of these policies were not enacted until the presidency of Lyndon Johnson

Overarching plan by President Lyndon Johnson to assist the underprivileged in American society; it included the creation of the Department of Housing and Urban Affairs and the Head Start and Medicare programs

Major civil rights legislation that outlawed racial discrimination in public facilities, in employment, and in voter registration

Philosophy of some younger blacks in the 1960s who were impatient with the slow pace of desegregation; its advocates believed that blacks should create and control their own political and cultural institutions rather than seeking integration into white-dominated society

Supreme Court decision that made abortion legal (with some restrictions)

Congressional resolution passed in August 1964 following reports that U.S. Navy ships had been fired on by North Vietnamese gunboats off the Vietnam coast; in essence it gave the president the power to fight the Vietnam War without approval from Congress

Radical, activist student organization created in 1960 that advocated a more democratic, participatory society

Movement by young people in the 1960s who rejected political involvement and emphasized the need for personal instead of political revolution

Campus in Ohio where four students who were part of a 1970 protest against U.S. involvement in Cambodia were shot and killed by National Guardsmen

John Kennedy elected president

Freedom Rides

James Meredith enters University of Mississippi

John Kennedy assassinated; Lyndon Johnson becomes president

Beginning of Johnsons War on Poverty programs

Elementary and Secondary Education Act passed

Stokely Carmichael calls for "black power"

Riots in many American cities

Martin Luther King assassinated

Woodstock Music Festival

United States invades Cambodia

Pentagon Papers published by the New York Times

Nixon reelected

Vietnam cease-fire announced; American troops leave Vietnam Roe v. Wade decision

South Vietnam falls to North Vietnam, ending the Vietnam War

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed

Sit-ins began Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) formed

First American travels in space

Construction of Berlin Wall

Bay of Pigs invasion

SDS issues Port Huron Statement

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson published

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Other America by Michael Harrington published

Civil rights march on Washington

The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan published

President Diem assassinated in South Vietnam

Johnson reelected

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

Free Speech Movement at Berkeley begins

Civil Rights Act enacted

Johnson sends more troops to Vietnam

Voting Rights Act passed

Murder of Malcolm X

Watts riots burn sections of Los Angeles

Medicare passed

Formation of Black Panther party

Formation of National Organization for Women (NOW)

Antiwar demonstrations intensify

Robert Kennedy assassinated

Student protests at Columbia University

Battle between police and protesters at Democratic National Convention

Richard Nixon elected president

American Indian Movement (AIM) founded

Tet Offensive

My Lai Massacre

Killings at Kent State, Jackson State

He was a senator and representative from Massachusetts. The first president born in the 20th century and a Roman Catholic, promised to change the nation. At his inauguration, he asked Americans to “Ask not what your nation can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.”

Vice President _________, the Republican presidential contender, was just four years older than Kennedy, but some voters saw him as "too linked to the past" because of his Eisenhower administration ties. Healso suffered from technical development.

Michael Harrington's 1962 book ________ reminded Americans that many individuals were still underprivileged despite the nation's prosperity.

The space program, like the _________, benefitted from cold war tensions.

He became the first person to circle Earth in 1961, humiliating the US.

He orbited Earth in February 1962,

__________ became the first American in space in May.

An ex-marine and Communist sympathizer, _________, shot and assassinated Kennedy in Dallas.

A Dallas nightclub owner, killed Oswald two days after his arrest.

They investigated President Kennedy's assassination after his stunning death.

In 1964, the president created the __________ program, which sent volunteers to aid impoverished areas.

The ______________ created the Department of Housing and Urban Development to oversee affordable housing and $3 billion in city upgrades.

The American welfare state expanded greatly during Lyndon Johnson's ___________ policies. Medicare and Medicaid reduced poverty by 40% in the US.

After becoming famous during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, King and other clergymen created the __________________).

Young African Americans wanted to fight harder and quicker for their rights. In 1960, these youth founded the ____________.

In order to enforce a Supreme Court rule that bus terminals and waiting rooms should be integrated, the _____________ recruited groups of African-American and white volunteers to travel buses across the South.

The ___________ were beaten and their bus destroyed by a white mob in Anniston, Alabama. Southbound Freedom Riders increased.

In September 1962, the attorney general defied demonstrators and the governor by sending 500 U.S. marshals to enroll James Meredith at the University of Mississippi.

The crowd was motivated by Martin Luther King Jr.'s "______________" speech.

Race, sex, religion, and national origin were prohibited under the ___________. Public spaces were now discrimination-free. To combat employment prejudice, the measure established the EEOC.

The ____________ prohibited practices like literacy tests that had prevented African Americans from voting.

African Americans were pushed to improve themselves by relying on their own efforts by the Nation of Islam, also known as the ___________, since whites were seen as racial adversaries.

Black Muslim assassins killed _____________ in February 1965 when he questioned some of the Nation of Islam's racial beliefs.

He removed whites from the SNCC and advised African Americans to arm. Black power, championed by him, fostered pride in African-American history and culture.

Founders of Black Panther

Gloria Steinem's _____________ popularized a new word of address for women without regard to marital status in 1972.

Women enjoy the right to abortion in the first and second trimesters, with certain limits, under the 1973 ____________ Supreme Court ruling.

The feminist movement's inability to pass an ___________ was unique.

He and other grassroots campaigners opposed the ERA by arguing that it would lead to the draft and coed restrooms.

This promoted Native American pride and protested the policies of the U.S. government on reservations.

The __________ began in June 1969 following a police raid on a homosexual club in New York City. This fostered homosexual pride.

American authorities did little to stop a cabal of military men from overthrowing and assassinating South Vietnamese president __________ a few weeks before President Kennedy's 1963 assassination.

In August 1964, Johnson announced that North Vietnamese gunboats had assaulted American destroyers in the ___________, omitting key information including that the American warships were collecting intelligence on North Vietnam and that South Vietnamese gunboats were close.

The _______________ empowered the president to "prevent future aggression" in Southeast Asia after an apparent unprovoked strike.

The _______________ on January 30, 1968, was the war's most important military battle. The Communists utilized the holiday ceasefire to strike throughout South Vietnam to destroy the government and weaken the US.

The ____________ occurred in March 1968, when American forces killed 400 Vietnamese people, including children and newborns.

SDS's manifesto, the __________, criticized American consumerism and called for "participatory democracy."

Berkeley's 1964 ban on political activism sparked the __________. Student protests pushed the institution to back down.

A former lecturer and LSD advocate, advised American teenagers to "tune in, switch on, and drop out."

The Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane played "acid" rock in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury area in 1967, a hippie hangout where some dreamed for a new "______________."

The personal over the political was so strong at Woodstock that musician __________ drove radical activist Abbie Hoffman off the stage when he tried to steal a microphone during The Who's performance.

Four _____________ students were killed by Ohio National Guardsmen during a rally. Jackson State University police murdered two students.

The ____________ were released to the New York Times by former Defense Department officer Daniel Ellsberg in 1971. These papers from the Kennedy and Johnson administrations showed that the government had misled to Congress and the American people about Vietnam.

The US evacuated ambassadors and other Americans in Vietnam a day before North Vietnamese tanks entering ________ on April 30, 1975.