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leukemia affects the ____ cells and has an ___ cause
hematopoietic, unknown
Leukemia increased incidence with exposure to:
radiation, benzene, drugs, chemicals, gases
leukemia is associated with congenital disorders like
down syndrome, neurofibromatosis, faconi anemia
leukemia can occur as a ______ neoplasm and infiltrates other tissues like (x3)
secondary, liver, spleen, lymph nodes
______ is the most common cancer in children/adolescents with it making up ___ percent of cancer in children
leukemia, 29
leukemia is ____ more frequently diagnosed in adults vs children
10x
Leukemia clinical manifestations
sudden fever, abnormal bleeding/bruising, prolonged period, pallor, weight loss, night sweats, dyspnea, fatigue, abd pain, bone pain, tachycardia, palpitations, CNS symptoms, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
leukemia diagnosis consists of (x2) and sometimes ______ which involves CNS
blood tests and bone marrow biopsy, lumbar puncture
leukemia diagnostic results would show _____ wbc and maybe ______ or _____
immature, anemia, thrombocytopenia
leukostasis def
elevated circulating blast count
increased blood viscosity can lead to leukoblastic ____, is treated with ______
emboli, pheresis
______ can result from leukemia because of increased ______ or increased _____ of purine nucleotides due to _____ cell death
hyperuricemia, proliferation, breakdown, leukemic
hyperuricemia from leukemia is treated with
rasburicase prophylactic therapy
leukemia treatment types
induction therapy, intensification therapy, maintenance therapy, stem cell transplant
prognostic variables for leukemia
age, type of leukemia, stage at presentation
tumor lysis syndrome from leukemia is a __________ of cancer cells that can lead to life threatening ____ disorders
massive necrosis, metabolic
Tumor Lysis Syndrome complications
hyper k, hyper p, hyperuricemia, hypo mag, hypo cal, acidosis for acute renal failure
___ percent of lung tumors are in the lung tissue, ___ percent is from bronchial areas
95, 5
Lung CA begins as small ________
mucosal lesions
one way mucosal lesions of lung CA are from ______ that invade ______ and _______
small masses, bronchi, connective tissue
second way mucosal lesions of lung CA are from ______ masses that spread to adjacent lung tissue or _____, _____, ______ of the ________/______
large bulky, necrosis, hemorrhage, invasion, pleural cavity/chest wall
Clinical manifestations of lung CA
cough, sputum, hemoptysis, chest wall pain, dyspnea, wheezing, hypokalemia, hypergly, htn
lung cancer cases are _____ but ___ percent are caused by smoking
decreasing, 80
lung cancer risk factors
smoking, abestos, radon, familial predisposition, marijuana
five year survival rate of lung ca for men is _____ percent, for women is ____ percent
7-12, 8-14
Small cell lung cancer makes up ____ percent of lung cancer and has the strongest association with _____
20-25, smoking
for SCLC, cells grow in _____ and there are ____ in tumor cells
clusters, granules
Granules in tumor cells of SCLC suggest an ability to secrete _____ hormones and may arise from _____ cells of the bronchial epithelium
polypeptide, neuroendocrine
granules in tumor cells can give rise to different symptoms like
SIADH, cushings, eaton lambert
SCLC can produce ______ syndrome which is a hormonal production of _____ peptide by ______ released
paraneoplastic, ectopic, tumor/autoantibodies
SCLC is highly _____, ____ widely, and rarely _____
malignant, infiltrate, resectable
almost all SCLC have _____ at the time of diagnosis, the ____ is the most common
metastasized, brain
NSCLC types
squamous, large cel, adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma (25-40%) characteristics
men, smoking, bronchi origin, paraneoplastic and hypercalcemia
large cell carcinoma (10-15%) characteristics
highly anaplastic, periphery of lung tissue, poor prognisis, early metastasis
adenocarcinoma (20-40%) characteristics
most common in NA women and nonsmokers, bronchiolar and alveolar origin, worse prognosis than squamous
one year survival rate for lung cancer is ____ percent but five year is only ____ percent in us
42, 18
predictors of lung ca prognosis
type, size, stage, performance status, weight loss in previous 6 months
lung ca diagnosis factors
hp, cxr, bronchoscopy, cytologic studies, needle biopsy, lymph node biopsy, ct/mri/ultrasound, pet scan
cytologic studies types
sputum, bronchial washing
solid tumor diagnosis types
excisional, incisional, needle biopsy
colon cancer risk factors
family hx, personal hx, IBD, sedentary, fat, red/processed meats
red/processed meats ____ risk for colon cancer, low fat dairy, fish, and poultry can ____ risk
increase, decrease
prevention for colon cancer
healthy lifestyle, screening, surveillance for return of cancer
Note
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