Chapter 1: Thinking Geographically

A(n) ________ and range survey system based upon lines of latitude and longitude.

________ and the level of urban economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagonal market areas, which overlapped at different scales.

A(n) ________ can be a common language.

________ have a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind.

in other words, the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a places history

formal, functional, and vernacular

50,000

1,000,000

area preservation and shape preservation

the geometric surface of the Earth

the area wherein activity occurs on a daily basis

an area of bounded space of some human importance

the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place’s history

the relationship of an object or place to the Earth as a whole

the “absolute” form of the scale concept

the level of aggregation, or in other words, the level at which you group things together for examination

areas of bounded space that possess some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity

areas that have a central place, or node, that is a focus or point of origin that expresses some practical purpose

the perception or collective mental map of the region’s residents

a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude

divided up into 15-degree-wide longitudinal zones around the world with some exceptions. This is because 360° divided by 24 hours a day equals 15°.

the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature

the physical characteristics of a place

the place’s interrelatedness with other places

the distance between two places as measured in linear units such as miles or kilometers

the farther away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely interaction will be with the original place

all places are interrelated, but closer places are more related than farther ones

the length of distance that becomes a factor that inhibits the interaction between two points

decreased time and relative distance between places

the effect that humans have on their environment, and vice versa

any node of human activity and are most often the centers of economic exchange

developed in the 1930s by the German geographer Walter Christaller and states that

displayed by different regional, cultural, economic, political, and environmental phenomena and human activities

the core of the urban landscape, a country’s capital is the core of its political landscape

things are grouped together on the Earth’s surface

when clustering occurs purposefully around a central point or an economic growth pole

no rhyme or reason to the distribution of a spatial phenomenon

objects that are normally ordered but appear dispersed

straight line

wavy line

affect the property lines and political boundaries of states and provinces

a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind

the number of things per square unit of distance

he number of people per square unit of arable land, meaning land that either is actively farmed or has the potential to be

the number of farmers per square unit of arable land

begins at a point of origin and then moves outward to nearby locations, especially those on adjoining transportation lines

the point of origin or place of innovation

originates in a central place and then expands outward in all directions to other locations

originates in a first-order location and then moves down to second-order locations and from each of these to subordinate locations at increasingly local scales

a general or underlying principle that diffuses and then stimulates the creation of new products or ideas

begins at a point of origin and then crosses a significant physical barrier, such as an ocean, a mountain range, or a desert, and then relocates on the other side

show the contour lines of elevation, as well as the urban and vegetation surface with roads, buildings, river, and other natural landscape features

express a particular subject and does not show land forms for other features

the cognitive image of landscape in the human mind

a map with a ratio that is a comparatively large real number

a map with a ratio that is a comparatively very small real number

maintain the relative spatial science and the areas on the map

attempt to maintain the shape of polygons on the map

show the commonalities in pattern among similar landscapes

show how different cities have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures

non-spatial models that use population data to construct a general model of the dynamic growth in national scale populations without reference to space

modified to create a graph showing the cost-to-distance relationship in urban real estate prices

a mathematical model that is used in a number of different types of spatial analysis

incorporates one or more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping

utilizes a worldwide network of satellites, which emit a measurable radio signal

a place-name assigned to a location when human importance is recognized

a type of place, and there are other categories of places, such as urban places, places of work, resource locations, and transportation nodes

tend to have fuzzy borders

boundaries are finite and well-defined

boundaries are transitional and measurable

the environmental transition zone between two bioregions

an attraction at a shorter distance that takes precedence over an attraction that is farther away

0° longitude and runs through Great Britain because the means to accurately calculate longitude at sea was developed by the British Royal Navy

a circle dividing a sphere or other surface into two usually equal and symmetrical parts at 0° latitude

based upon lines of latitude and longitude

the mathematical analysis of one or more quantitative geographic patterns

a thematic map that expresses the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations

calculates data values between points across a variable surface

uses dots to express the volume and density of a particular geographic feature

uses lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern

uses simplified geometries to represent real-world places

the “absolute” form of the scale concept

expresses distance on the map surface

the mathematical relationship between the distance on the map compared to the real distance on the Earth’s surface

creates different levels of accuracy in terms of size and shape distortion for different parts of the Earth

balance area and form, sacrificing a bit of both to create a more visually practical representation of the Earth’s surface

an abstract generalization of real-world geographies that share a common pattern

images of the Earth from an aircraft, printed on film, but digital camera usage is on the increase

use a computerized scanner to record data from the Earth’s surface