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Reference Maps
maps used to show landforms and/or places
Physical Map
reference map that shows identifiable natural landmarks such as mountains, rivers, oceans
Political Map
reference map that shows political boundaries
countries, cities, capitals etc..
Thematic Maps
maps used to display specific types of information (theme) pertaining to an area
cartogram
Thematic map that shows statistical data by transforming space
Choropleth Map
thematic map that uses shading or coloring to show statistical data
Dot Density Map
Thematic map that uses dots to indicate a feature or occurrence
graduated symbol map
thematic map that indicates relative magnitude of some value for a geographic region in which the symbol varies in proportion to data
Clustering
objects that form a group
Distribution
The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.
Elevation
height above sea level
Map Distortion
all maps are distorted as a result of projecting a 3 dimensional surface onto a 2 dimensional surface
map projection
a way to transfer the 3-dimensional early onto a 2-dimensional map to deduce distortion in area, distance, shape, and/or direction
GIS (geographic information system)
map created by a computer that can combine layers of spatial data
GPS (global positioning system)
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
remote sensing
collecting data with instruments that are distant from the area of object of study
Census data
systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population
absolute location
describes the precise location of a place using the earth's latitude & longitude
relative location
describes the location of a place relative to other human and physical features
place
describes an area on the surface of the Earth with distinguishing human & physical features
pattern
an arrangement of objects on Earth, including the space between those objects
Human Environment Interaction (HEI)
describes the ways humans modify or adapt to the natural world
Distance Decay
the idea that the likelihood of interaction diminishes with increasing distance
time-space compression
term that refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th century made possible by technological innovations
Movement
describes the ways in which people, goods, and ideas move from place to place
flow
movement in a steady stream
globalization
the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture
sustainability
meeting an increased demand for resources in a way that protects that ability of future generations to meet their own needs
environmental determinism
theory that a society is formed and determined by the physical environment, especially the climate.
environmental possibilisim
the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but people use their creativity to decide how to respond to the conditions of a particular natural environment
Scales of Analysis
analyzing data at a variety of scales - global, regional, national, local
region
an area defined by one or more natural or cultural characteristics that set it apart from other areas
formal region
region marked by shared trait (cultural, physical, etc.)
shows measurable data
Functional Region
An area organized around a node or focal point, travel, communication, food delivery, subway, sports teams etc
Perceptual/Vernacular region
region that exists as an idea, it is an opinion
Mercator Projection
a projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder in such a way that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator, used especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps.
Robinson Projection
Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.
isoline map
A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.
Topographic map
a map that shows the surface features of Earth
dispersal
when items are spread across space
space
The physical gap between objects
site
physical characteristics of a place
situation
The location of a place relative to another place
Toponoym
place name
Fuller Projection
A type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction such that the four cardinal directions--north, south, east, and west--no longer have any meaning.
Peters Projection
a cylindrical map projection that attempts to retain the accurate sizes of all the world's landmasses, stretched at the equator